SYSTEMS OF ACCOUNTING :
Basically there are two systems of accounting:
Cash System of Accounting: It is a system in which accounting entries are made only when cash is received or paid. No entry is made when a payment or receipt is merely due. In other words, it is a system of accounting in which revenues and costs and assets and liabilities are reflected in the accounts in the period in which actual payments or actual receipts are made in cash. It may not treat any revenue to have been earned or even sales to have taken place unless cash is actually paid by customers. It has no relevance whether the receipts pertain to previous period or future period. Similarly, expenses are restricted to the actual payments in cash during the current year and it is immaterial whether the payments have been made for previous period or future period. Cash basis of accounting is incompatible with the matching principle of income determination. Hence, the financial statements prepared under this system do not present a true and fair view of operating results and financial position of the organization. However, cash system of accounting is suitable in the following cases:
(i) Where the organization is very small or in the case of individuals, where it is difficult to allocate small amounts between accounting periods; and
(ii) Where credit transactions are almost negligible and collections are uncertain e.g. accounting in case of professionals i.e. doctors, lawyers, firms of chartered accountants/company secretaries. But while recording expenses, they take into account the outstanding expenses also. In such a case, the financial statement prepared by them for determination of their income is termed as Receipts and Expenditure Account.
Accrual System of Accounting: This is also known as mercantile system of accounting. It is a system in which transactions are recorded on the basis of amounts having become due for payment or receipt. Accrual basis of accounting attempts to record the financial effects of the transactions, events, and circumstances of an enterprise in the period in which they occur rather than recording them in period(s) in which cash is received or paid by the enterprise. It recognizes that the buying, selling and other economic events that affect enterprise’s performance often do not coincide with the cash receipts and payments of the period. The purpose of accrual basis accounting is to relate the revenue earned to cost incurred so that reported net income measures an enterprise’s performance during a period instead of merely listing its cash receipts and payments. Accrual basis of accounting recognizes assets, liabilities or components of revenues and expenses received or paid in cash in past and expected to be received or paid in cash in the future. The following are the essential features of accrual basis:
– Revenue is recognized as it is earned irrespective of whether cash is received or not;
– Costs are matched against revenues on the basis of relevant time period to determine periodic income, and
– Costs which are not charged to income are carried forward and are kept under continuous review. Any cost that appears to have lost its utility or its power to generate future revenue is written off as a loss