TEXT OF REMAINING PROVISIONS OF ALLIED ACTS REFERRED TO IN INCOME-TAX ACT SECTION 2 OF AADHAAR (TARGETED DELIVERY OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER SUBSIDIES, BENEFITS AND SERVICES) ACT, 2016

TEXT OF REMAINING PROVISIONS OF ALLIED ACTS REFERRED TO IN INCOME-TAX ACT

SECTION 2 OF AADHAAR (TARGETED DELIVERY OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER SUBSIDIES, BENEFITS AND SERVICES) ACT, 2016

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)

“Aadhaar number” means an identification number issued to an individual under sub-section (3) of section 3;

(m)

“enrolment” means the process, as may be specified by regulations, to collect demographic and biometric information from individuals by the enrolling agencies for the purpose of issuing Aadhaar numbers to such individuals under this Act;

(v)

“resident” means an individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to one hundred and eighty-two days or more in the twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment;

SECTION 5(c) OF BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949

Interpretation.

5. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(c)		“banking company” means any company which transacts the business of banking in India.
		Explanation.—Any company which is engaged in the manufacture of goods or carries on any trade and which accepts deposits of money from the public merely for the purpose of financing its business as such manufacturer or trader shall not be deemed to transact the business of banking within the meaning of this clause;

SECTION 45 OF BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949

Power of Reserve Bank to apply to Central Government for suspension of business by a banking company and to prepare scheme of reconstitution or amalgamation.

45. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Part or in any other law or any agreement or other instrument, for the time being in force, where it appears to the Reserve Bank that there is good reason so to do, the Reserve Bank may apply to the Central Government for an order of moratorium in respect of a banking company.

(2) The Central Government, after considering the application made by the Reserve Bank under sub-section (1), may make an order of moratorium staying the commencement or continuance of all actions and proceedings against the company for a fixed period of time on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit and proper and may from time to time extend the period so however that the total period of moratorium shall not exceed six months.

(3) Except as otherwise provided by any directions given by the Central Government in the order made by it under sub-section (2) or at any time thereafter, the banking company shall not during the period of moratorium make any payment to any depositors or discharge any liabilities or obligations to any other creditors.

(4) During the period of moratorium, if the Reserve Bank is satisfied that—

(a)		in the public interest; or
(b)		in the interests of the depositors; or
(c)		in order to secure the proper management of the banking company; or
(d)		in the interests of the banking system of the country as a whole,

it is necessary so to do, the Reserve Bank may prepare a scheme—

(i)		for the reconstruction of the banking company, or
(ii)		for the amalgamation of the banking company with any other banking institution (in this section referred to as “the transferee bank”).

(5) The scheme aforesaid may contain provisions for all or any of the following matters, namely :—

(a)		the constitution, name and registered office, the capital, assets, powers, rights, interests, authorities and privileges, the liabilities, duties and obligations, of the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, of the transferee bank;
(b)		in the case of amalgamation of the banking company, the transfer to the transferee bank of the business, properties, assets and liabilities of the banking company on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the scheme;
(c)		any change in the Board of Directors, or the appointment of a new Board of Directors, of the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, of the transferee bank and the authority by whom, the manner in which, and the other terms and conditions on which, such change or appointment shall be made and in the case of appointment of a new Board of Directors or of any Director, the period for which such appointment shall be made;
(d)		the alteration of the memorandum and articles of association of the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, of the transferee bank for the purpose of altering the capital thereof or for such other purposes as may be necessary to give effect to the reconstruction or amalgamation;
(e)		subject to the provisions of the scheme, the continuation by or against the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, the transferee bank, of any actions or proceedings pending against the banking company immediately before the date of the order of moratorium;
(f)		the reduction of the interest or rights which the members, depositors and other creditors have in or against the banking company before its reconstruction or amalgamation to such extent as the Reserve Bank considers necessary in the public interest or in the interests of the members, depositors and other creditors or for the maintenance of the business of the banking company;
(g)		the payment in cash or otherwise to depositors and other creditors in full satisfaction of their claim—

(i)		in respect of their interest or rights in or against the banking company before its reconstruction or amalgamation; or
(ii)		where their interest or rights aforesaid in or against the banking company has or have been reduced under clause (f), in respect of such interest or rights as so reduced;

(h)

the allotment to the members of the banking company for shares held by them therein before its reconstruction or amalgamation [whether their interest in such shares has been reduced under clause (f) or not], of shares in the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, in the transferee bank and where any members claim payment in cash and not allotment of shares, or where it is not possible to allot shares to any members, the payment in cash to those members in full satisfaction of their claim—

(i)		in respect of their interest in shares in the banking company before its reconstruction or amalgamation; or
(ii)		where such interest has been reduced under clause (f), in respect of their interest in shares as so reduced;

(i)		the continuance of the services of all the employees of the banking company [excepting such of them as not being workmen within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947) are specifically mentioned in the scheme] in the banking company itself on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, in the transferee bank at the same remuneration and on the same terms and conditions of service, which they were getting or, as the case may be, by which they were being governed, immediately before the date of the order of moratorium :
		Provided that the scheme shall contain a provision that—

(i)		the banking company shall pay or grant not later than the expiry of the period of three years from the date on which the scheme is sanctioned by the Central Government, to the said employees the same remuneration and the same terms and conditions of service as are, at the time of such payment or grant, applicable to employees of corresponding rank or status of a comparable banking company to be determined for this purpose by the Reserve Bank (whose determination in this respect shall be final);
(ii)		the transferee bank shall pay or grant not later than the expiry of the aforesaid period of three years, to the said employees the same remuneration and the same terms and conditions of service as are, at the time of such payment or grant, applicable to the other employees of corresponding rank or status of the transferee bank subject to the qualifications and experience of the said employees being the same as or equivalent to those of such other employees of the transferee bank :

		Provided further that if in any case under clause (ii) of the first proviso any doubt or difference arises as to whether the qualification and experience of any of the said employees are the same as or equivalent to the qualifications and experience of the other employees of corresponding rank or status of the transferee bank, the doubt or difference shall be referred, before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of the payment or grant mentioned in that clause, to the Reserve Bank whose decision thereon shall be final;
(j)		notwithstanding anything contained in clause (i) where any of the employees of the banking company not being workmen within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947) are specifically mentioned in the scheme under clause (i), or where any employees of the banking company have by notice in writing given to the banking company or, as the case may be, the transferee bank at any time before the expiry of one month next following the date on which the scheme is sanctioned by the Central Government, intimated their intention of not becoming employees of the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, of the transferee bank, the payment to such employees of compensation, if any, to which they are entitled under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947), and such pension, gratuity, provident fund and other retirement benefits ordinarily admissible to them under the rules or authorisations of the banking company immediately before the date of the order of moratorium;
(k)		any other terms and conditions for the reconstruction or amalgamation of the banking company;
(l)		such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as are necessary to secure that the reconstruction or amalgamation shall be fully and effectively carried out.

(6)(a) A copy of the scheme prepared by the Reserve Bank shall be sent in draft to the banking company and also to the transferee bank and any other banking company concerned in the amalgamation, for suggestions and objections, if any, within such period as the Reserve Bank may specify for this purpose;

(b) The Reserve Bank may make such modifications, if any, in the draft scheme as it may consider necessary in the light of the suggestions and objections received from the banking company and also from the transferee bank, and any other banking company concerned in the amalgamation and from any members, depositors or other creditors of each of those companies and the transferee bank.

(7) The scheme shall thereafter be placed before the Central Government for its sanction and the Central Government may sanction the scheme without any modifications or with such modifications as it may consider necessary; and the scheme as sanctioned by the Central Government shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may specify in this behalf:

Provided that different dates may be specified for different provisions of the scheme.

(7A) The sanction accorded by the Central Government under sub-section (7), whether before or after the commencement of section 21 of the Banking Laws (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1963 (55 of 1963), shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirements of this section relating to reconstruction, or, as the case may be, amalgamation have been complied with and a copy of the sanctioned scheme certified in writing by an officer of the Central Government to be a true copy thereof, shall, in all legal proceedings (whether in appeal or otherwise and whether instituted before or after the commencement of the said section 21), be admitted as evidence to the same extent as the original scheme.

(8) On and from the date of the coming into operation of the scheme or any provision thereof, the scheme or such provision shall be binding on the banking company or, as the case may be, on the transferee bank and any other banking company concerned in the amalgamation and also on all the members, depositors and other creditors and employees of each of those companies and of the transferee bank, and on any other person having any right or liability in relation to any of those companies or the transferee bank including the trustees or other persons managing, or connected in any other manner with, any provident fund or other fund maintained by any of those companies or the transferee bank.

(9) On and from the date of the coming into operation of, or as the case may be, the date specified in this behalf in, the scheme, the properties and assets of the banking company shall, by virtue of and to the extent provided in the scheme, stand transferred to, and vest in, and the liabilities of the banking company shall, by virtue of and to the extent provided in the scheme, stand transferred to, and become the liabilities of, the transferee bank.

(10) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of the scheme, the Central Government may by order do anything not inconsistent with such provisions which appears to it necessary or expedient for the purpose of removing the difficulty.

(11) Copies of the scheme or of any order made under sub-section (10) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament, as soon as may be, after the scheme has been sanctioned by the Central Government, or, as the case may be, the order has been made.

(12) Where the scheme is a scheme for amalgamation of the banking company, any business acquired by the transferee bank under the scheme or under any provision thereof shall, after the coming into operation of the scheme or such provision, be carried on by the transferee bank in accordance with the law governing the transferee bank, subject to such modifications in that law or such exemptions of the transferee bank from the operation of any provisions thereof as the Central Government on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make for the purpose of giving full effect to the scheme :

Provided that no such modification or exemption shall be made so as to have effect for a period of more than seven years from the date of the acquisition of such business.

(13) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent the amalgamation with a banking institution by a single scheme of several banking companies in respect of each of which an order of moratorium has been made under this section.

(14) The provisions of this section and of any scheme made under it shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provisions of this Act or in any other law or any agreement, award or other instrument for the time being in force.

(15) In this section, “banking institution” means any banking company and includes the State Bank of India or a subsidiary bank or a corresponding new bank.

Explanation.—References in this section to the terms and conditions of service as applicable to an employee shall not be construed as extending to the rank and status of such employee.

PART V OF BANKING REGULATION ACT, 1949 : APPLICATION OF THE ACT TO CO-OPERATIVE BANKS

Act to apply to co-operative societies subject to modifications.

56. The provisions of this Act, as in force for the time being, shall apply to, or in relation to, Co-operative Societies as they apply to, or in relation to, banking companies subject to the following modifications, namely :—

(a)

throughout this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(i)		references to a “banking company” or “the company” or “such company” shall be construed as references to a co-operative bank,
(ii)		references to “commencement of this Act” shall be construed as references to commencement of the Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965 (23 of 1965) ;

(b)		in section 2, the words and figures “the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and” shall be omitted ;
(c)		in section 5,—

(i)

after clause (cc), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely :—

‘(cci)		“co-operative bank” means a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-operative bank ;
(ccii)		“co-operative credit society” means a co-operative society, the primary object of which is to provide financial accommodation to its members and includes a co-operative land mortgage bank ;
(cciia)		“co-operative society” means a society registered or deemed to have been registered under any Central Act for the time being in force relating to the multi-State co-operative societies, or any other Central or State law relating to co-operative societies for the time being in force;
(cciii)		“director”, in relation to a co-operative society, includes a member of any committee or body for the time being vested with the management of the affairs of that society ;
(cciiia)		“multi-State co-operative bank” means a multi-State co-operative society which is a primary co-operative bank;
(cciiib)		“multi-State co-operative society” means a multi-State co-operative society registered as such under any Central Act for the time being in force relating to the multi-State co-operative societies but does not include a national co-operative society and a federal co-operative;
(cciv)		“primary agricultural credit society” means a co-operative society,—

(1)		the primary object or principal business of which is to provide financial accommodation to its members for agricultural purposes or for purposes connected with agricultural activities (including the marketing of crops) ; and
(2)		the bye-laws of which do not permit admission of any other co-operative society as a member :
		Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the admission of a co-operative bank as a member by reason of such co- operative bank subscribing to the share capital of such co-operative society out of funds provided by the State Government for the purpose ;

(ccv)

“primary co-operative bank” means a co-operative society, other than a primary agricultural credit society,—

(1)		the primary object or principal business of which is the transaction of banking business ;
(2)		the paid-up share capital and reserves of which are not less than one lakh of rupees ; and
(3)		the bye-laws of which do not permit admission of any other co-operative society as a member :
		Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the admission of a co-operative bank as a member by reason of such co- operative bank subscribing to the share capital of such co-operative society out of funds provided by the State Government for the purpose ;

(ccvi)

“primary credit society” means a co-operative society, other than a primary agricultural credit society,—

(1)		the primary object or principal business of which is the transaction of banking business ;
(2)		the paid-up share capital and reserves of which are less than one lakh of rupees ; and
(3)		the bye-laws of which do not permit admission of any other co-operative society as a member :
		Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the admission of a co-operative bank as a member by reason of such co- operative bank subscribing to the share capital of such co-operative society out of funds provided by the State Government for the purpose.
		Explanation.—If any dispute arises as to the primary object or principal business of any co-operative society referred to in clauses (cciv), (ccv) and (ccvi), a determination thereof by the Reserve Bank shall be final ;

(ccvii)

“central co-operative bank”, “primary rural credit society” and “state co-operative bank” shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981 (61 of 1981);’

SECTION 3 OF CANTONMENTS ACT, 2006

Definition of cantonments.

3. (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare any place or places along with boundaries in which any part of the Forces is quartered or which, being in the vicinity of any such place or places, is or are required for the service of such forces to be a cantonment for the purposes of this Act and of all other enactments for the time being in force, and may, by a like notification, declare that any cantonment shall cease to be a cantonment.

(2) The Central Government may, by a like notification, define the limits of any cantonment for the aforesaid purposes.

(3) When any place is declared a cantonment under sub-section (1), the Central Government shall constitute a Board within a period of one year in accordance with the provisions of this Act:

Provided that the Central Government may, for the reasons to be recorded in writing, extend the said period of one year for a further period of six months at a time:

Provided further that the Central Government may, until a Board is constituted, by order make necessary provisions for the efficient administration of the cantonment.

(4) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that in any place declared a cantonment under sub- section (1) the provisions of any enactment relating to local self-Government other than this Act shall have effect only to such extent or subject to such modifications, or that any authority constituted under any such enactment shall exercise authority only to such extent, as may be specified in the notification.

SECTION 23A(c) OF CENTRAL EXCISE ACT, 1944

Definitions.

23A. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(c)

“applicant” means—

(i)		(a) a non-resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident or a resident; or
		(b) a resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident; or
		(c) a wholly owned subsidiary Indian company, of which the holding company is a foreign company,
		who or which, as the case may be, proposes to undertake any business activity in India;
(ii)		a joint venture in India; or
(iii)		a resident falling within any such class or category of persons, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf,

		and which or who, as the case may be, makes application for advance ruling under sub-section (1) of section 23C.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “joint venture in India” means a contractual arrangement whereby two or more persons undertake an economic activity which is subject to joint control and one or more of the participants or partners or equity holders is a non-resident having substantial interest in such arrangement;

SECTION 2 OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS ACT, 1949

Interpretation.

2. (1) In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(b)

“chartered accountant” means a person who is a member of the Institute;

SECTION 581A(d) AND (l) OF COMPANIES ACT, 1956

Definitions.

581A. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(d)

“Member” means a person or Producer institution (whether incorporated or not) admitted as a Member of a Producer Company and who retains the qualifications necessary for continuance as such;

(l)

“Producer Company” means a body corporate having objects or activities specified in section 581B and registered as Producer Company under this Act;

SECTION 2 OF COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(34)

“director” means a director appointed to the Board of a company;

(45)

“Government company” means any company in which not less than fifty-one per cent of the paid-up share capital is held by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, and includes a company which is a subsidiary company of such a Government company;

(53)

“manager” means an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the Board of Directors, has the management of the whole, or substantially the whole, of the affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, whether under a contract of service or not;

(68)

“private company” means a company having a minimum paid-up share capital as may be prescribed, and which by its articles,—

(i)		restricts the right to transfer its shares;
(ii)		except in case of One Person Company, limits the number of its members to two hundred:
		Provided that where two or more persons hold one or more shares in a company jointly, they shall, for the purposes of this clause, be treated as a single member:
		Provided further that—

(A)		persons who are in the employment of the company; and
(B)		persons who, having been formerly in the employment of the company, were members of the company while in that employment and have continued to be members after the employment ceased,

		shall not be included in the number of members; and
(iii)		prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any securities of the company;

(71)

“public company” means a company which—

(a)		is not a private company;
(b)		has a minimum paid-up share capital, as may be prescribed:

		Provided that a company which is a subsidiary of a company, not being a private company, shall be deemed to be public company for the purposes of this Act even where such subsidiary company continues to be a private company in its articles;
(72)		“public financial institution” means—

(i)		the Life Insurance Corporation of India, established under section 3 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 (31 of 1956);
(ii)		the Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited, referred to in clause (vi) of sub-section (1) of section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) so repealed under section 465 of this Act;
(iii)		specified company referred to in the Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002 (58 of 2002);
(iv)		institutions notified by the Central Government under sub-section (2) of section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) so repealed under section 465 of this Act;
(v)		such other institution as may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India:
		Provided that no institution shall be so notified unless—

(A)		it has been established or constituted by or under any Central or State Act; or
(B)		not less than fifty-one per cent of the paid-up share capital is held or controlled by the Central Government or by any State Government or Governments or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments;

(87)

“subsidiary company” or “subsidiary”, in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding company—

(i)		controls the composition of the Board of Directors; or
(ii)		exercises or controls more than one-half of the total share capital either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:

		Provided that such class or classes of holding companies as may be prescribed shall not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—

(a)		a company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary company of the holding company even if the control referred to in sub-clause (i) or sub-clause (ii) is of another subsidiary company of the holding company;
(b)		the composition of a company’s Board of Directors shall be deemed to be controlled by another company if that other company by exercise of some power exercisable by it at its discretion can appoint or remove all or a majority of the directors;
(c)		the expression “company” includes any body corporate;
(d)		“layer” in relation to a holding company means its subsidiary or subsidiaries;

SECTION 8 OF COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Formation of companies with charitable objects, etc.

8. (1) Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Central Government that a person or an association of persons proposed to be registered under this Act as a limited company—

(a)		has in its objects the promotion of commerce, art, science, sports, education, research, social welfare, religion, charity, protection of environment or any such other object;
(b)		intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects; and
(c)		intends to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members,

the Central Government may, by licence issued in such manner as may be prescribed, and on such conditions as it deems fit, allow that person or association of persons to be registered as a limited company under this section without the addition to its name of the word “Limited”, or as the case may be, the words “Private Limited” , and thereupon the Registrar shall, on application, in the prescribed form, register such person or association of persons as a company under this section.

(2) The company registered under this section shall enjoy all the privileges and be subject to all the obligations of limited companies.

(3) A firm may be a member of the company registered under this section.

(4) (i) A company registered under this section shall not alter the provisions of its memorandum or articles except with the previous approval of the Central Government.

(ii) A company registered under this section may convert itself into company of any other kind only after complying with such conditions as may be prescribed.

(5) Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Central Government that a limited company registered under this Act or under any previous company law has been formed with any of the objects specified in clause (a) of sub-section (1) and with the restrictions and prohibitions as mentioned respectively in clauses (b) and (c) of that sub-section, it may, by licence, allow the company to be registered under this section subject to such conditions as the Central Government deems fit and to change its name by omitting the word “Limited”, or as the case may be, the words “Private Limited” from its name and thereupon the Registrar shall, on application, in the prescribed form, register such company under this section and all the provisions of this section shall apply to that company.

(6) The Central Government may, by order, revoke the licence granted to a company registered under this section if the company contravenes any of the requirements of this section or any of the conditions subject to which a licence is issued or the affairs of the company are conducted fraudulently or in a manner violative of the objects of the company or prejudicial to public interest, and without prejudice to any other action against the company under this Act, direct the company to convert its status and change its name to add the word “Limited” or the words “Private Limited”, as the case may be, to its name and thereupon the Registrar shall, without prejudice to any action that may be taken under sub-section (7), on application, in the prescribed form, register the company accordingly:

Provided that no such order shall be made unless the company is given a reasonable opportunity of being heard:

Provided further that a copy of every such order shall be given to the Registrar.

(7) Where a licence is revoked under sub-section (6), the Central Government may, by order, if it is satisfied that it is essential in the public interest, direct that the company be wound up under this Act or amalgamated with another company registered under this section:

Provided that no such order shall be made unless the company is given a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

(8) Where a licence is revoked under sub-section (6) and where the Central Government is satisfied that it is essential in the public interest that the company registered under this section should be amalgamated with another company registered under this section and having similar objects, then, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the Central Government may, by order, provide for such amalgamation to form a single company with such constitution, properties, powers, rights, interest, authorities and privileges and with such liabilities, duties and obligations as may be specified in the order.

(9) If on the winding up or dissolution of a company registered under this section, there remains, after the satisfaction of its debts and liabilities, any asset, they may be transferred to another company registered under this section and having similar objects, subject to such conditions as the Tribunal may impose, or may be sold and proceeds thereof credited to Insolvency and Bankruptcy Fund formed under section 224 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016.

(10) A company registered under this section shall amalgamate only with another company registered under this section and having similar objects.

(11) If a company makes any default in complying with any of the requirements laid down in this section, the company shall, without prejudice to any other action under the provisions of this section, be punishable with fine which shall not be less than ten lakh rupees but which may extend to one crore rupees and the directors and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five thousand rupees but which may extend to twenty-five lakh rupees, or with both:

Provided that when it is proved that the affairs of the company were conducted fraudulently, every officer in default shall be liable for action under section 447.

SECTION 68 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Power of company to purchase its own securities.

68. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, but subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), a company may purchase its own shares or other specified securities (hereinafter referred to as buy-back) out of—

(a)		its free reserves;
(b)		the securities premium account; or
(c)		the proceeds of the issue of any shares or other specified securities:

Provided that no buy-back of any kind of shares or other specified securities shall be made out of the proceeds of an earlier issue of the same kind of shares or same kind of other specified securities.

(2) No company shall purchase its own shares or other specified securities under sub-section (1), unless—

(a)		the buy-back is authorised by its articles;
(b)		a special resolution has been passed at a general meeting of the company authorising the buy-back:
		Provided that nothing contained in this clause shall apply to a case where—

(i)		the buy-back is, ten per cent or less of the total paid-up equity capital and free reserves of the company; and
(ii)		such buy-back has been authorised by the Board by means of a resolution passed at its meeting;

(c)		the buy-back is twenty-five per cent or less of the aggregate of paid-up capital and free reserves of the company:
		Provided that in respect of the buy-back of equity shares in any financial year, the reference to twenty-five per cent in this clause shall be construed with respect to its total paid-up equity capital in that financial year;
(d)		the ratio of the aggregate of secured and unsecured debts owed by the company after buy-back is not more than twice the paid- up capital and its free reserves:
		Provided that the Central Government may, by order, notify a higher ratio of the debt to capital and free reserves for a class or classes of companies;
(e)		all the shares or other specified securities for buy-back are fully paid-up;
(f)		the buy-back of the shares or other specified securities listed on any recognised stock exchange is in accordance with the regulations made by the Securities and Exchange Board in this behalf; and
(g)		the buy-back in respect of shares or other specified securities other than those specified in clause (f) is in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed:

Provided that no offer of buy-back under this sub-section shall be made within a period of one year reckoned from the date of the closure of the preceding offer of buy-back, if any.

(3) The notice of the meeting at which the special resolution is proposed to be passed under clause (b) of sub-section (2) shall be accompanied by an explanatory statement stating—

(a)		a full and complete disclosure of all material facts;
(b)		the necessity for the buy-back;
(c)		the class of shares or securities intended to be purchased under the buy-back;
(d)		the amount to be invested under the buy-back; and
(e)		the time-limit for completion of buy-back.

(4) Every buy-back shall be completed within a period of one year from the date of passing of the special resolution, or as the case may be, the resolution passed by the Board under clause (b) of sub-section (2).

(5) The buy-back under sub-section (1) may be—

(a)		from the existing shareholders or security holders on a proportionate basis;
(b)		from the open market;
(c)		by purchasing the securities issued to employees of the company pursuant to a scheme of stock option or sweat equity.

(6) Where a company proposes to buy-back its own shares or other specified securities under this section in pursuance of a special resolution under clause (b) of sub-section (2) or a resolution under item (ii ) of the proviso thereto, it shall, before making such buy-back, file with the Registrar and the Securities and Exchange Board, a declaration of solvency signed by at least two directors of the company, one of whom shall be the managing director, if any, in such form as may be prescribed and verified by an affidavit to the effect that the Board of Directors of the company has made a full inquiry into the affairs of the company as a result of which they have formed an opinion that it is capable of meeting its liabilities and will not be rendered insolvent within a period of one year from the date of declaration adopted by the Board:

Provided that no declaration of solvency shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Board by a company whose shares are not listed on any recognised stock exchange.

(7) Where a company buys back its own shares or other specified securities, it shall extinguish and physically destroy the shares or securities so bought back within seven days of the last date of completion of buy-back.

(8) Where a company completes a buy-back of its shares or other specified securities under this section, it shall not make a further issue of the same kind of shares or other securities including allotment of new shares under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 62 or other specified securities within a period of six months except by way of a bonus issue or in the discharge of subsisting obligations such as conversion of warrants, stock option schemes, sweat equity or conversion of preference shares or debentures into equity shares.

(9) Where a company buys back its shares or other specified securities under this section, it shall maintain a register of the shares or securities so bought, the consideration paid for the shares or securities bought back, the date of cancellation of shares or securities, the date of extinguishing and physically destroying the shares or securities and such other particulars as may be prescribed.

(10) A company shall, after the completion of the buy-back under this section, file with the Registrar and the Securities and Exchange Board a return containing such particulars relating to the buy-back within thirty days of such completion, as may be prescribed:

Provided that no return shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Board by a company whose shares are not listed on any recognised stock exchange.

(11) If a company makes any default in complying with the provisions of this section or any regulation made by the Securities and Exchange Board, for the purposes of clause (f) of sub-section (2), the company shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to three lakh rupees and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to three lakh rupees, or with both.

Explanation I.—For the purposes of this section and section 70, “specified securities” includes employees’ stock option or other securities as may be notified by the Central Government from time to time.

Explanation II.—For the purposes of this section, “free reserves” includes securities premium account.

SECTION 123 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

CHAPTER VIII

DECLARATION AND PAYMENT OF DIVIDEND

Declaration of dividend.

123. (1) No dividend shall be declared or paid by a company for any financial year except—

(a)		out of the profits of the company for that year arrived at after providing for depreciation in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2), or out of the profits of the company for any previous financial year or years arrived at after providing for depreciation in accordance with the provisions of that sub-section and remaining undistributed, or out of both; or
(b)		out of money provided by the Central Government or a State Government for the payment of dividend by the company in pursuance of a guarantee given by that Government:

Provided that a company may, before the declaration of any dividend in any financial year, transfer such percentage of its profits for that financial year as it may consider appropriate to the reserves of the company:

Provided further that where, owing to inadequacy or absence of profits in any financial year, any company proposes to declare dividend out of the accumulated profits earned by it in previous years and transferred by the company to the reserves, such declaration of dividend shall not be made except in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed in this behalf:

Provided also that no dividend shall be declared or paid by a company from its reserves other than free reserves :

Provided also that no company shall declare dividend unless carried over previous losses and depreciation not provided in previous year or years are set off against profit of the company for the current year.

(2) For the purposes of clause (a) of sub-section (1), depreciation shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II.

(3) The Board of Directors of a company may declare interim dividend during any financial year out of the surplus in the profit and loss account and out of profits of the financial year in which such interim dividend is sought to be declared:

Provided that in case the company has incurred loss during the current financial year up to the end of the quarter immediately preceding the date of declaration of interim dividend, such interim dividend shall not be declared at a rate higher than the average dividends declared by the company during the immediately preceding three financial years.

(4) The amount of the dividend, including interim dividend, shall be deposited in a scheduled bank in a separate account within five days from the date of declaration of such dividend.

(5) No dividend shall be paid by a company in respect of any share therein except to the registered shareholder of such share or to his order or to his banker and shall not be payable except in cash:

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to prohibit the capitalisation of profits or reserves of a company for the purpose of issuing fully paid-up bonus shares or paying up any amount for the time being unpaid on any shares held by the members of the company:

Provided further that any dividend payable in cash may be paid by cheque or warrant or in any electronic mode to the shareholder entitled to the payment of the dividend.

(6) A company which fails to comply with the provisions of sections 73 and 74 shall not, so long as such failure continues, declare any dividend on its equity shares.

SECTION 129 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Financial statement.

129. (1) The financial statements shall give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company or companies, comply with the accounting standards notified under section 133 and shall be in the form or forms as may be provided for different class or classes of companies in Schedule III:

Provided that the items contained in such financial statements shall be in accordance with the accounting standards:

Provided further that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to any insurance or banking company or any company engaged in the generation or supply of electricity, or to any other class of company for which a form of financial statement has been specified in or under the Act governing such class of company:

Provided also that the financial statements shall not be treated as not disclosing a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company, merely by reason of the fact that they do not disclose—

(a)		in the case of an insurance company, any matters which are not required to be disclosed by the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938), or the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999);
(b)		in the case of a banking company, any matters which are not required to be disclosed by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
(c)		in the case of a company engaged in the generation or supply of electricity, any matters which are not required to be disclosed by the Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003);
(d)		in the case of a company governed by any other law for the time being in force, any matters which are not required to be disclosed by that law.

(2) At every annual general meeting of a company, the Board of Directors of the company shall lay before such meeting financial statements for the financial year.

(3) Where a company has one or more subsidiaries, it shall, in addition to financial statements provided under sub-section (2), prepare a consolidated financial statement of the company and of all the subsidiaries in the same form and manner as that of its own which shall also be laid before the annual general meeting of the company along with the laying of its financial statement under sub-section (2):

Provided that the company shall also attach along with its financial statement, a separate statement containing the salient features of the financial statement of its subsidiary or subsidiaries in such form as may be prescribed:

Provided further that the Central Government may provide for the consolidation of accounts of companies in such manner as may be prescribed.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the word “subsidiary” shall include associate company and joint venture.

(4) The provisions of this Act applicable to the preparation, adoption and audit of the financial statements of a holding company shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the consolidated financial statements referred to in sub-section (3).

(5) Without prejudice to sub-section (1), where the financial statements of a company do not comply with the accounting standards referred to in sub-section (1), the company shall disclose in its financial statements, the deviation from the accounting standards, the reasons for such deviation and the financial effects, if any, arising out of such deviation.

(6) The Central Government may, on its own or on an application by a class or classes of companies, by notification, exempt any class or classes of companies from complying with any of the requirements of this section or the rules made thereunder, if it is considered necessary to grant such exemption in the public interest and any such exemption may be granted either unconditionally or subject to such conditions as may be specified in the notification.

(7) If a company contravenes the provisions of this section, the managing director, the whole-time director in charge of finance, the Chief Financial Officer or any other person charged by the Board with the duty of complying with the requirements of this section and in the absence of any of the officers mentioned above, all the directors shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than fifty thousand rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees, or with both.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, except where the context otherwise requires, any reference to the financial statement shall include any notes annexed to or forming part of such financial statement, giving information required to be given and allowed to be given in the form of such notes under this Act.

SECTION 135 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Corporate Social Responsibility.

135. (1) Every company having net worth of rupees five hundred crore or more, or turnover of rupees one thousand crore or more or a net profit of rupees five crore or more during any financial year shall constitute a Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of the Board consisting of three or more directors, out of which at least one director shall be an independent director.

(2) The Board’s report under sub-section (3) of section 134 shall disclose the composition of the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee.

(3) The Corporate Social Responsibility Committee shall,—

(a)		formulate and recommend to the Board, a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy which shall indicate the activities to be undertaken by the company as specified in Schedule VII;
(b)		recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred on the activities referred to in clause (a); and
(c)		monitor the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of the company from time to time.

(4) The Board of every company referred to in sub-section (1) shall,—

(a)		after taking into account the recommendations made by the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee, approve the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy for the company and disclose contents of such Policy in its report and also place it on the company’s website, if any, in such manner as may be prescribed; and
(b)		ensure that the activities as are included in Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of the company are undertaken by the company.

(5) The Board of every company referred to in sub-section (1), shall ensure that the company spends, in every financial year, at least two per cent of the average net profits of the company made during the three immediately preceding financial years, in pursuance of its Corporate Social Responsibility Policy:

Provided that the company shall give preference to the local area and areas around it where it operates, for spending the amount earmarked for Corporate Social Responsibility activities:

Provided further that if the company fails to spend such amount, the Board shall, in its report made under clause (o) of sub-section (3) of section 134, specify the reasons for not spending the amount.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section “average net profit” shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of section 198.

SECTION 141 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Eligibility, qualifications and disqualifications of auditors.

141. (1) A person shall be eligible for appointment as an auditor of a company only if he is a chartered accountant:

Provided that a firm whereof majority of partners practising in India are qualified for appointment as aforesaid may be appointed by its firm name to be auditor of a company.

(2) Where a firm including a limited liability partnership is appointed as an auditor of a company, only the partners who are chartered accountants shall be authorised to act and sign on behalf of the firm.

(3) The following persons shall not be eligible for appointment as an auditor of a company, namely:—

(a)		a body corporate other than a limited liability partnership registered under the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);
(b)		an officer or employee of the company;
(c)		a person who is a partner, or who is in the employment, of an officer or employee of the company;
(d)		a person who, or his relative or partner—

(i)		is holding any security of or interest in the company or its subsidiary, or of its holding or associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company:
		Provided that the relative may hold security or interest in the company of face value not exceeding one thousand rupees or such sum as may be prescribed;
(ii)		is indebted to the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company, in excess of such amount as may be prescribed; or
(iii)		has given a guarantee or provided any security in connection with the indebtedness of any third person to the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company, for such amount as may be prescribed;

(e)		a person or a firm who, whether directly or indirectly, has business relationship with the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or subsidiary of such holding company or associate company of such nature as may be prescribed;
(f)		a person whose relative is a director or is in the employment of the company as a director or key managerial personnel;
(g)		a person who is in full time employment elsewhere or a person or a partner of a firm holding appointment as its auditor, if such persons or partner is at the date of such appointment or reappointment holding appointment as auditor of more than twenty companies;
(h)		a person who has been convicted by a court of an offence involving fraud and a period of ten years has not elapsed from the date of such conviction;
(i)		any person whose subsidiary or associate company or any other form of entity, is engaged as on the date of appointment in consulting and specialised services as provided in section 144.

(4) Where a person appointed as an auditor of a company incurs any of the disqualifications mentioned in sub-section (3) after his appointment, he shall vacate his office as such auditor and such vacation shall be deemed to be a casual vacancy in the office of the auditor.

SECTION 148 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Central Government to specify audit of items of cost in respect of certain companies.

148. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter, the Central Government may, by order, in respect of such class of companies engaged in the production of such goods or providing such services as may be prescribed, direct that particulars relating to the utilisation of material or labour or to other items of cost as may be prescribed shall also be included in the books of account kept by that class of companies:

Provided that the Central Government shall, before issuing such order in respect of any class of companies regulated under a special Act, consult the regulatory body constituted or established under such special Act.

(2) If the Central Government is of the opinion, that it is necessary to do so, it may, by order, direct that the audit of cost records of class of companies, which are covered under sub-section (1) and which have a net worth of such amount as may be prescribed or a turnover of such amount as may be prescribed, shall be conducted in the manner specified in the order.

(3) The audit under sub-section (2) shall be conducted by a cost accountant in practice who shall be appointed by the Board on such remuneration as may be determined by the members in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided that no person appointed under section 139 as an auditor of the company shall be appointed for conducting the audit of cost records:

Provided further that the auditor conducting the cost audit shall comply with the cost auditing standards.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “cost auditing standards” mean such standards as are issued by the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India, constituted under the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 (23 of 1959), with the approval of the Central Government.

(4) An audit conducted under this section shall be in addition to the audit conducted under section 143.

(5) The qualifications, disqualifications, rights, duties and obligations applicable to auditors under this Chapter shall, so far as may be applicable, apply to a cost auditor appointed under this section and it shall be the duty of the company to give all assistance and facilities to the cost auditor appointed under this section for auditing the cost records of the company:

Provided that the report on the audit of cost records shall be submitted by the cost accountant in practice to the Board of Directors of the company.

(6) A company shall within thirty days from the date of receipt of a copy of the cost audit report prepared in pursuance of a direction under sub-section (2) furnish the Central Government with such report along with full information and explanation on every reservation or qualification contained therein.

(7) If, after considering the cost audit report referred to under this section and the information and explanation furnished by the company under sub-section (6), the Central Government is of the opinion that any further information or explanation is necessary, it may call for such further information and explanation and the company shall furnish the same within such time as may be specified by that Government.

(8) If any default is made in complying with the provisions of this section,—

(a)		the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable in the manner as provided in sub-section (1) of section 147;
(b)		the cost auditor of the company who is in default shall be punishable in the manner as provided in sub-sections (2) to (4) of section 147.

SECTION 182 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Prohibitions and restrictions regarding political contributions.

182. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act, a company, other than a Government company and a company which has been in existence for less than three financial years, may contribute any amount directly or indirectly to any political party:

Provided that the amount referred to in sub-section (1) or, as the case may be, the aggregate of the amount which may be so contributed by the company in any financial year shall not exceed seven and a half per cent of its average net profits during the three immediately preceding financial years:

Provided further that no such contribution shall be made by a company unless a resolution authorising the making of such contribution is passed at a meeting of the Board of Directors and such resolution shall, subject to the other provisions of this section, be deemed to be justification in law for the making and the acceptance of the contribution authorised by it.

(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1),—

(a)		a donation or subscription or payment caused to be given by a company on its behalf or on its account to a person who, to its knowledge, is carrying on any activity which, at the time at which such donation or subscription or payment was given or made, can reasonably be regarded as likely to affect public support for a political party shall also be deemed to be contribution of the amount of such donation, subscription or payment to such person for a political purpose;
(b)		the amount of expenditure incurred, directly or indirectly, by a company on an advertisement in any publication, being a publication in the nature of a souvenir, brochure, tract, pamphlet or the like, shall also be deemed,—

(i)		where such publication is by or on behalf of a political party, to be a contribution of such amount to such political party, and
(ii)		where such publication is not by or on behalf of, but for the advantage of a political party, to be a contribution for a political purpose.

(3) Every company shall disclose in its profit and loss account any amount or amounts contributed by it to any political party during the financial year to which that account relates, giving particulars of the total amount contributed and the name of the party to which such amount has been contributed.

(4) If a company makes any contribution in contravention of the provisions of this section, the company shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five times the amount so contributed and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months and with fine which may extend to five times the amount so contributed.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, “political party” means a political party registered under section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951).

SECTIONS 230 TO 232 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

CHAPTER XV

COMPROMISES, ARRANGEMENTS AND AMALGAMATIONS

Power to compromise or make arrangements with creditors and members.

230. (1) Where a compromise or arrangement is proposed—

(a)		between a company and its creditors or any class of them; or
(b)		between a company and its members or any class of them,

the Tribunal may, on the application of the company or of any creditor or member of the company, or in the case of a company which is being wound up, of the liquidator, appointed under this Act or under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, as the case may be, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors, or of the members or class of members, as the case may be, to be called, held and conducted in such manner as the Tribunal directs.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, arrangement includes a reorganisation of the company’s share capital by the consolidation of shares of different classes or by the division of shares into shares of different classes, or by both of those methods.

(2) The company or any other person, by whom an application is made under sub-section (1), shall disclose to the Tribunal by affidavit—

(a)		all material facts relating to the company, such as the latest financial position of the company, the latest auditor’s report on the accounts of the company and the pendency of any investigation or proceedings against the company;
(b)		reduction of share capital of the company, if any, included in the compromise or arrangement;
(c)		any scheme of corporate debt restructuring consented to by not less than seventy-five per cent of the secured creditors in value, including—

(i)		a creditor’s responsibility statement in the prescribed form;
(ii)		safeguards for the protection of other secured and unsecured creditors;
(iii)		report by the auditor that the fund requirements of the company after the corporate debt restructuring as approved shall conform to the liquidity test based upon the estimates provided to them by the Board;
(iv)		where the company proposes to adopt the corporate debt restructuring guidelines specified by the Reserve Bank of India, a statement to that effect; and
(v)		a valuation report in respect of the shares and the property and all assets, tangible and intangible, movable and immovable, of the company by a registered valuer.

(3) Where a meeting is proposed to be called in pursuance of an order of the Tribunal under sub-section (1), a notice of such meeting shall be sent to all the creditors or class of creditors and to all the members or class of members and the debenture-holders of the company, individually at the address registered with the company which shall be accompanied by a statement disclosing the details of the compromise or arrangement, a copy of the valuation report, if any, and explaining their effect on creditors, key managerial personnel, promoters and non-promoter members, and the debenture-holders and the effect of the compromise or arrangement on any material interests of the directors of the company or the debenture trustees, and such other matters as may be prescribed:

Provided that such notice and other documents shall also be placed on the website of the company, if any, and in case of a listed company, these documents shall be sent to the Securities and Exchange Board and stock exchange where the securities of the companies are listed, for placing on their website and shall also be published in newspapers in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided further that where the notice for the meeting is also issued by way of an advertisement, it shall indicate the time within which copies of the compromise or arrangement shall be made available to the concerned persons free of charge from the registered office of the company.

(4) A notice under sub-section (3) shall provide that the persons to whom the notice is sent may vote in the meeting either themselves or through proxies or by postal ballot to the adoption of the compromise or arrangement within one month from the date of receipt of such notice:

Provided that any objection to the compromise or arrangement shall be made only by persons holding not less than ten per cent of the shareholding or having outstanding debt amounting to not less than five per cent of the total outstanding debt as per the latest audited financial statement.

(5) A notice under sub-section (3) along with all the documents in such form as may be prescribed shall also be sent to the Central Government, the income-tax authorities, the Reserve Bank of India, the Securities and Exchange Board, the Registrar, the respective stock exchanges, the Official Liquidator, the Competition Commission of India established under sub-section (1) of section 7 of the Competition Act, 2002 (12 of 2003), if necessary, and such other sectoral regulators or authorities which are likely to be affected by the compromise or arrangement and shall require that representations, if any, to be made by them shall be made within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of such notice, failing which, it shall be presumed that they have no representations to make on the proposals.

(6) Where, at a meeting held in pursuance of sub-section (1), majority of persons representing three-fourths in value of the creditors, or class of creditors or members or class of members, as the case may be, voting in person or by proxy or by postal ballot, agree to any compromise or arrangement and if such compromise or arrangement is sanctioned by the Tribunal by an order, the same shall be binding on the company, all the creditors, or class of creditors or members or class of members, as the case may be, or, in case of a company being wound up, on the liquidator appointed under this Act or under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, as the case may be, and the contributories of the company.

(7) An order made by the Tribunal under sub-section (6) shall provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—

(a)		where the compromise or arrangement provides for conversion of preference shares into equity shares, such preference shareholders shall be given an option to either obtain arrears of dividend in cash or accept equity shares equal to the value of the dividend payable;
(b)		the protection of any class of creditors;
(c)		if the compromise or arrangement results in the variation of the shareholders’ rights, it shall be given effect to under the provisions of section 48;
(d)		if the compromise or arrangement is agreed to by the creditors under sub-section (6), any proceedings pending before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction established under section 4 of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (1 of 1986) shall abate;
(e)		such other matters including exit offer to dissenting shareholders, if any, as are in the opinion of the Tribunal necessary to effectively implement the terms of the compromise or arrangement:

Provided that no compromise or arrangement shall be sanctioned by the Tribunal unless a certificate by the company’s auditor has been filed with the Tribunal to the effect that the accounting treatment, if any, proposed in the scheme of compromise or arrangement is in conformity with the accounting standards prescribed under section 133.

(8) The order of the Tribunal shall be filed with the Registrar by the company within a period of thirty days of the receipt of the order.

(9) The Tribunal may dispense with calling of a meeting of creditor or class of creditors where such creditors or class of creditors, having at least ninety per cent value, agree and confirm, by way of affidavit, to the scheme of compromise or arrangement.

(10) No compromise or arrangement in respect of any buy-back of securities under this section shall be sanctioned by the Tribunal unless such buy-back is in accordance with the provisions of section 68.

(11) Any compromise or arrangement may include takeover offer made in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided that in case of listed companies, takeover offer shall be as per the regulations framed by the Securities and Exchange Board.

(12) An aggrieved party may make an application to the Tribunal in the event of any grievances with respect to the takeover offer of companies other than listed companies in such manner as may be prescribed and the Tribunal may, on application, pass such order as it may deem fit.

Explanation.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the provisions of section 66 shall not apply to the reduction of share capital effected in pursuance of the order of the Tribunal under this section.

Power of Tribunal to enforce compromise or arrangement.

231. (1) Where the Tribunal makes an order under section 230 sanctioning a compromise or an arrangement in respect of a company, it—

(a)		shall have power to supervise the implementation of the compromise or arrangement; and
(b)		may, at the time of making such order or at any time thereafter, give such directions in regard to any matter or make such modifications in the compromise or arrangement as it may consider necessary for the proper implementation of the compromise or arrangement.

(2) If the Tribunal is satisfied that the compromise or arrangement sanctioned under section 230 cannot be implemented satisfactorily with or without modifications, and the company is unable to pay its debts as per the scheme, it may make an order for winding up the company and such an order shall be deemed to be an order made under section 273.

(3) The provisions of this section shall, so far as may be, also apply to a company in respect of which an order has been made before the commencement of this Act sanctioning a compromise or an arrangement.

Merger and amalgamation of companies.

232. (1) Where an application is made to the Tribunal under section 230 for the sanctioning of a compromise or an arrangement proposed between a company and any such persons as are mentioned in that section, and it is shown to the Tribunal—

(a)		that the compromise or arrangement has been proposed for the purposes of, or in connection with, a scheme for the reconstruction of the company or companies involving merger or the amalgamation of any two or more companies; and
(b)		that under the scheme, the whole or any part of the undertaking, property or liabilities of any company (hereinafter referred to as the transferor company) is required to be transferred to another company (hereinafter referred to as the transferee company), or is proposed to be divided among and transferred to two or more companies,

the Tribunal may on such application, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors or the members or class of members, as the case may be, to be called, held and conducted in such manner as the Tribunal may direct and the provisions of sub-sections (3) to (6) of section 230shall apply mutatis mutandis.

(2) Where an order has been made by the Tribunal under sub-section (1), merging companies or the companies in respect of which a division is proposed, shall also be required to circulate the following for the meeting so ordered by the Tribunal, namely:—

(a)		the draft of the proposed terms of the scheme drawn up and adopted by the directors of the merging company;
(b)		confirmation that a copy of the draft scheme has been filed with the Registrar;
(c)		a report adopted by the directors of the merging companies explaining effect of compromise on each class of shareholders, key managerial personnel, promotors and non-promoter shareholders laying out in particular the share exchange ratio, specifying any special valuation difficulties;
(d)		the report of the expert with regard to valuation, if any;
(e)		a supplementary accounting statement if the last annual accounts of any of the merging company relate to a financial year ending more than six months before the first meeting of the company summoned for the purposes of approving the scheme.

(3) The Tribunal, after satisfying itself that the procedure specified in sub-sections (1) and (2) has been complied with, may, by order, sanction the compromise or arrangement or by a subsequent order, make provision for the following matters, namely:—

(a)		the transfer to the transferee company of the whole or any part of the undertaking, property or liabilities of the transferor company from a date to be determined by the parties unless the Tribunal, for reasons to be recorded by it in writing, decides otherwise;
(b)		the allotment or appropriation by the transferee company of any shares, debentures, policies or other like instruments in the company which, under the compromise or arrangement, are to be allotted or appropriated by that company to or for any person:
		Provided that a transferee company shall not, as a result of the compromise or arrangement, hold any shares in its own name or in the name of any trust whether on its behalf or on behalf of any of its subsidiary or associate companies and any such shares shall be cancelled or extinguished;
(c)		the continuation by or against the transferee company of any legal proceedings pending by or against any transferor company on the date of transfer;
(d)		dissolution, without winding-up, of any transferor company;
(e)		the provision to be made for any persons who, within such time and in such manner as the Tribunal directs, dissent from the compromise or arrangement;
(f)		where share capital is held by any non-resident shareholder under the foreign direct investment norms or guidelines specified by the Central Government or in accordance with any law for the time being in force, the allotment of shares of the transferee company to such shareholder shall be in the manner specified in the order;
(g)		the transfer of the employees of the transferor company to the transferee company;
(h)		where the transferor company is a listed company and the transferee company is an unlisted company,—

(A)		the transferee company shall remain an unlisted company until it becomes a listed company;
(B)		if shareholders of the transferor company decide to opt out of the transferee company, provision shall be made for payment of the value of shares held by them and other benefits in accordance with a pre-determined price formula or after a valuation is made, and the arrangements under this provision may be made by the Tribunal:

		Provided that the amount of payment or valuation under this clause for any share shall not be less than what has been specified by the Securities and Exchange Board under any regulations framed by it;
(i)		where the transferor company is dissolved, the fee, if any, paid by the transferor company on its authorised capital shall be set-off against any fees payable by the transferee company on its authorised capital subsequent to the amalgamation; and
(j)		such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as are deemed necessary to secure that the merger or amalgamation is fully and effectively carried out:

(4) Where an order under this section provides for the transfer of any property or liabilities, then, by virtue of the order, that property shall be transferred to the transferee company and the liabilities shall be transferred to and become the liabilities of the transferee company and any property may, if the order so directs, be freed from any charge which shall by virtue of the compromise or arrangement, cease to have effect.

(5) Every company in relation to which the order is made shall cause a certified copy of the order to be filed with the Registrar for registration within thirty days of the receipt of certified copy of the order.

(6) The scheme under this section shall clearly indicate an appointed date from which it shall be effective and the scheme shall be deemed to be effective from such date and not at a date subsequent to the appointed date.

(7) Every company in relation to which the order is made shall, until the completion of the scheme, file a statement in such form and within such time as may be prescribed with the Registrar every year duly certified by a chartered accountant or a cost accountant or a company secretary in practice indicating whether the scheme is being complied with in accordance with the orders of the Tribunal or not.

(8) If a transferor company or a transferee company contravenes the provisions of this section, the transferor company or the transferee company, as the case may be, shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to twenty-five lakh rupees and every officer of such transferor or transferee company who is in default, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to three lakh rupees, or with both.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—

(i)		in a scheme involving a merger, whereunder the scheme the undertaking, property and liabilities of one or more companies, including the company in respect of which the compromise or arrangement is proposed, are to be transferred to another existing company, it is a merger by absorption, or where the undertaking, property and liabilities of two or more companies, including the company in respect of which the compromise or arrangement is proposed, are to be transferred to a new company, whether or not a public company, it is a merger by formation of a new company;
(ii)		references to merging companies are in relation to a merger by absorption, to the transferor and transferee companies, and, in relation to a merger by formation of a new company, to the transferor companies;
(iii)		a scheme involves a division, whereunder the scheme the undertaking, property and liabilities of the company in respect of which the compromise or arrangement is proposed are to be divided among and transferred to two or more companies each of which is either an existing company or a new company; and
(iv)		property includes assets, rights and interests of every description and liabilities include debts and obligations of every description.

SECTION 406 OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Power to modify Act in its application to Nidhis.

406. (1) In this section, “Nidhi” means a company which has been incorporated as a Nidhi with the object of cultivating the habit of thrift and savings amongst its members, receiving deposits from, and lending to, its members only, for their mutual benefit, and which complies with such rules as are prescribed by the Central Government for regulation of such class of companies.

(2) Save as otherwise expressly provided, the Central Government may, by notification, direct that any of the provisions of this Act shall not apply, or shall apply with such exceptions, modifications and adaptations as may be specified in that notification, to any Nidhi or Nidhis of any class or description as may be specified in that notification.

(3) A copy of every notification proposed to be issued under sub-section (2), shall be laid in draft before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in disapproving the issue of the notification or both Houses agree in making any modification in the notification, the notification shall not be issued or, as the case may be, shall be issued only in such modified form as may be agreed upon by both the Houses.

SCHEDULE III OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

SCHEDULE III

(See section 129)

DIVISION I

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR A COMPANY WHOSE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLY WITH THE COMPANIES (ACCOUNTING STANDARDS) RULES, 2006

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF BALANCE SHEET AND STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS OF A COMPANY

General Instructions

1. Where compliance with the requirements of the Act including Accounting Standards as applicable to the companies require any change in treatment or disclosure including addition, amendment, substitution or deletion in the head or sub-head or any changes, inter se, in the financial statements or statements forming part thereof, the same shall be made and the requirements of this Schedule shall stand modified accordingly.

2. The disclosure requirements specified in this Schedule are in addition to and not in substitution of the disclosure requirements specified in the Accounting Standards prescribed under the Companies Act, 2013. Additional disclosures specified in the Accounting Standards shall be made in the notes to accounts or by way of additional statement unless required to be disclosed on the face of the Financial Statements. Similarly, all other disclosures as required by the Companies Act shall be made in the notes to accounts in addition to the requirements set out in this Schedule.

3. (i) Notes to accounts shall contain information in addition to that presented in the Financial Statements and shall provide where required (a) narrative descriptions or disaggregations of items recognised in those statements; and (b) information about items that do not qualify for recognition in those statements.

(ii) Each item on the face of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss shall be cross-referenced to any related information in the notes to accounts. In preparing the Financial Statements including the notes to accounts, a balance shall be maintained between providing excessive detail that may not assist users of financial statements and not providing important information as a result of too much aggregation.

4. (i) Depending upon the turnover of the company, the figures appearing in the Financial Statements may be rounded off as given below:—

Turnover		Rounding off
(a) less than one hundred crore rupees		To the nearest hundreds, thousands, lakhs or millions, or decimals thereof.
(b) one hundred crore rupees or more		To the nearest lakhs, millions or crores, or decimals thereof.

(ii) Once a unit of measurement is used, it shall be used uniformly in the Financial Statements.

5. Except in the case of the first Financial Statements laid before the Company (after its incorporation) the corresponding amounts (comparatives) for the immediately preceding reporting period for all items shown in the Financial Statements including notes shall also be given.

6. For the purpose of this Schedule, the terms used herein shall be as per the applicable Accounting Standards.

Note:—This part of Schedule sets out the minimum requirements for disclosure on the face of the Balance Sheet, and the Statement of Profit and Loss (hereinafter referred to as “Financial Statements” for the purpose of this Schedule) and Notes. Line items, sub-line items and sub-totals shall be presented as an addition or substitution on the face of the Financial Statements when such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the company’s financial position or performance or to cater to industry/sector-specific disclosure requirements or when required for compliance with the amendments to the Companies Act or under the Accounting Standards.

PART I

BALANCE SHEET

Name of the Company…………………………………

Balance Sheet as at ……………………………………..

(Rupees in…………)

Particulars

Note No.

Figures as at the end of current reporting period

Figures as at the end of the previous reporting period

I.EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

(1)

Shareholders’ funds

(a)		Share capital
(b)		Reserves and surplus
(c)		Money received against share warrants

(2)		Share application money pending allotment
(3)		Non-current liabilities

(a)		Long-term borrowings
(b)		Deferred tax liabilities (Net)
(c)		Other Long-term liabilities
(d)		Long-term provisions

(4)

Current liabilities

(a)		Short-term borrowings
(b)		Trade Payables:—

(A)		total outstanding dues of micro enterprises and small enterprises; and
(B)		total outstanding dues of creditors other than micro enterprises and small enterprises

(c)		Other current liabilities
(d)		Short-term provisions

TOTAL

II.ASSETS

Non-current assets

(1)

(a) Fixed assets

(i)		Tangible assets
(ii)		Intangible assets
(iii)		Capital work-in-progress
(iv)		Intangible assets under development

(b)		Non-current investments
(c)		Deferred tax assets (net)
(d)		Long-term loans and advances
(e)		Other non-current assets

(2)

Current assets

(a)		Current investments
(b)		Inventories
(c)		Trade receivables
(d)		Cash and cash equivalents
(e)		Short-term loans and advances
(f)		Other current assets

TOTAL

See accompanying notes to the Financial Statements.

Notes

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF BALANCE SHEET

1. An asset shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:—

(a)		it is expected to be realised in, or is intended for sale or consumption in, the company’s normal operating cycle;
(b)		it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
(c)		it is expected to be realised within twelve months after the reporting date; or
(d)		it is cash or cash equivalent unless it is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

All other assets shall be classified as non-current.

2. An operating cycle is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. Where the normal operating cycle cannot be identified, it is assumed to have a duration of twelve months.

3. A liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of the following criteria:—

(a)		it is expected to be settled in the company’s normal operating cycle;
(b)		it is held primarily for the purpose of being traded;
(c)		it is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting date; or
(d)		the company does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

All other liabilities shall be classified as non-current.

4. A receivable shall be classified as a “trade receivable” if it is in respect of the amount due on account of goods sold or services rendered in the normal course of business.

5. A payable shall be classified as a “trade payable” if it is in respect of the amount due on account of goods purchased or services received in the normal course of business.

6. A company shall disclose the following in the notes to accounts.

A. Share Capital

For each class of share capital (different classes of preference shares to be treated separately):

(a)		the number and amount of shares authorised;
(b)		the number of shares issued, subscribed and fully paid, and subscribed but not fully paid;
(c)		par value per share;
(d)		a reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the reporting period;
(e)		the rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of shares including restrictions on the distribution of dividends and the repayment of capital;
(f)		shares in respect of each class in the company held by its holding company or its ultimate holding company including shares held by or by subsidiaries or associates of the holding company or the ultimate holding company in aggregate;
(g)		shares in the company held by each shareholder holding more than 5 per cent shares specifying the number of shares held;
(h)		shares reserved for issue under options and contracts/commitments for the sale of shares/disinvestment, including the terms and amounts;
(i)		for the period of five years immediately preceding the date as at which the Balance Sheet is prepared :

(A)		Aggregate number and class of shares allotted as fully paid-up pursuant to contract(s) without payment being received in cash.
(B)		Aggregate number and class of shares allotted as fully paid-up by way of bonus shares.
(C)		Aggregate number and class of shares bought back;

(j)		terms of any securities convertible into equity/preference shares issued along with the earliest date of conversion in descending order starting from the farthest such date;
(k)		calls unpaid (showing aggregate value of calls unpaid by directors and officers);
(l)		forfeited shares (amount originally paid-up).

B. Reserves and Surplus

(i)

Reserves and Surplus shall be classified as :

(a)		Capital Reserves;
(b)		Capital Redemption Reserve;
(c)		Securities Premium Reserve;
(d)		Debenture Redemption Reserve;
(e)		Revaluation Reserve;
(f)		Share Options Outstanding Account;
(g)		Other Reserves (specify the nature and purpose of each reserve and the amount in respect thereof);
(h)		Surplus, i.e., balance in Statement of Profit and Loss disclosing allocations and appropriations such as dividend, bonus shares and transfer to/from reserves, etc.;

		(Additions and deductions since last balance sheet to be shown under each of the specified heads);
(ii)		A reserve specifically represented by earmarked investments shall be termed as a “fund”.
(iii)		Debit balance of statement of profit and loss shall be shown as a negative figure under the head “Surplus”. Similarly, the balance of “Reserves and Surplus”, after adjusting negative balance of surplus, if any, shall be shown under the head “Reserves and Surplus” even if the resulting figure is in the negative.

C. Long-term Borrowings

(i)

Long-term borrowings shall be classified as :

(a)		Bonds/debentures;
(b)		Term loans :

(A)		from banks
(B)		from other parties.

(c)		Deferred payment liabilities;
(d)		Deposits;
(e)		Loans and advances from related parties;
(f)		Long-term maturities of finance lease obligations;
(g)		Other loans and advances (specify nature).

(ii)		Borrowings shall further be sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall be specified separately in each case.
(iii)		Where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, the aggregate amount of such loans under each head shall be disclosed.
(iv)		Bonds/debentures (along with the rate of interest and particulars of redemption or conversion, as the case may be) shall be stated in descending order of maturity or conversion, starting from farthest redemption or conversion date, as the case may be. Where bonds/debentures are redeemable by instalments, the date of maturity for this purpose must be reckoned as the date on which the first instalment becomes due.
(v)		Particulars of any redeemed bonds/debentures which the company has power to reissue shall be disclosed.
(vi)		Terms of repayment of term loans and other loans shall be stated.
(vii)		Period and amount of continuing default as on the balance sheet date in repayment of loans and interest, shall be specified separately in each case.

D. Other Long-term Liabilities

Other Long-term Liabilities shall be classified as :

(a)		Trade payables;
(b)		Others.

E. Long-term provisions

The amounts shall be classified as :

(a)		Provision for employee benefits;
(b)		Others (specify nature).

F. Short-term borrowings

(i)

Short-term borrowings shall be classified as :

(a)

Loans repayable on demand :

(A)		from banks
(B)		from other parties.

(b)		Loans and advances from related parties;
(c)		Deposits;
(d)		Other loans and advances (specify nature).

(ii)		Borrowings shall further be sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall be specified separately in each case.
(iii)		Where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, the aggregate amount of such loans under each head shall be disclosed.
(iv)		Period and amount of default as on the balance sheet date in repayment of loans and interest, shall be specified separately in each case.

FA. Trade Payables

The following details relating to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises shall be disclosed in the notes:—

(a)		the principal amount and the interest due thereon (to be shown separately) remaining unpaid to any supplier at the end of each accounting year;
(b)		the amount of interest paid by the buyer in terms of section 16 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006, along with the amount of the payment made to the supplier beyond the appointed day during each accounting year;
(c)		the amount of interest due and payable for the period of delay in making payment (which have been paid but beyond the appointed day during the year) but without adding the interest specified under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006;
(d)		the amount of interest accrued and remaining unpaid at the end of each accounting year; and
(e)		the amount of further interest remaining due and payable even in the succeeding years, until such date when the interest dues above are actually paid to the small enterprise, for the purpose of disallowance of a deductible expenditure under section 23 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006.

Explanation.—The terms ‘appointed day’, ‘buyer’, ‘enterprise’, ‘micro enterprise’, ‘small enterprise’ and ‘supplier’, shall have the same meaning assigned to those under clauses (b), (d), (e), (h), (m) and (n) respectively of section 2 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006.

G. Other current liabilities

The amounts shall be classified as :

(a)		Current maturities of long-term debt;
(b)		Current maturities of finance lease obligations;
(c)		Interest accrued but not due on borrowings;
(d)		Interest accrued and due on borrowings;
(e)		Income received in advance;
(f)		Unpaid dividends;
(g)		Application money received for allotment of securities and due for refund and interest accrued thereon. Share application money includes advances towards allotment of share capital. The terms and conditions including the number of shares proposed to be issued, the amount of premium, if any, and the period before which shares shall be allotted shall be disclosed. It shall also be disclosed whether the company has sufficient authorised capital to cover the share capital amount resulting from allotment of shares out of such share application money. Further, the period for which the share application money has been pending beyond the period for allotment as mentioned in the document inviting application for shares along with the reason for such share application money being pending shall be disclosed. Share application money not exceeding the issued capital and to the extent not refundable shall be shown under the head Equity and share application money to the extent refundable, i.e., the amount in excess of subscription or in case the requirements of minimum subscription are not met, shall be separately shown under “Óther current liabilities”;
(h)		Unpaid matured deposits and interest accrued thereon;
(i)		Unpaid matured debentures and interest accrued thereon;
(j)		Other payables (specify nature).

H. Short-term provisions

The amounts shall be classified as :

(a)		Provision for employee benefits.
(b)		Others (specify nature).

I. Tangible assets

(i)

Classification shall be given as :

(a)		Land;
(b)		Buildings;
(c)		Plant and Equipment;
(d)		Furniture and Fixtures;
(e)		Vehicles;
(f)		Office equipment;
(g)		Others (specify nature).

(ii)		Assets under lease shall be separately specified under each class of asset.
(iii)		A reconciliation of the gross and net carrying amounts of each class of assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions through business combinations and other adjustments and the related depreciation and impairment losses/reversals shall be disclosed separately.
(iv)		Where sums have been written-off on a reduction of capital or revaluation of assets or where sums have been added on revaluation of assets, every balance sheet subsequent to date of such write-off, or addition shall show the reduced or increased figures as applicable and shall by way of a note also show the amount of the reduction or increase as applicable together with the date thereof for the first five years subsequent to the date of such reduction or increase.

J. Intangible assets

(i)

Classification shall be given as :

(a)		Goodwill;
(b)		Brands/trademarks;
(c)		Computer software;
(d)		Mastheads and publishing titles;
(e)		Mining rights;
(f)		Copyrights, and patents and other intellectual property rights, services and operating rights;
(g)		Recipes, formulae, models, designs and prototypes;
(h)		Licences and franchise;
(i)		Others (specify nature).

(ii)		A reconciliation of the gross and net carrying amounts of each class of assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions through business combinations and other adjustments and the related amortization and impairment losses/reversals shall be disclosed separately.
(iii)		Where sums have been written-off on a reduction of capital or revaluation of assets or where sums have been added on revaluation of assets, every balance sheet subsequent to date of such write-off, or addition shall show the reduced or increased figures as applicable and shall by way of a note also show the amount of the reduction or increase as applicable together with the date thereof for the first five years subsequent to the date of such reduction or increase.

K. Non-current investments

(i)

Non-current investments shall be classified as trade investments and other investments and further classified as :

(a)		Investment* property;
(b)		Investments in Equity Instruments;
(c)		Investments in preference shares;
(d)		Investments in Government or trust securities;
(e)		Investments in debentures or bonds;
(f)		Investments in Mutual Funds;
(g)		Investments in partnership firms;
(h)		Other non-current investments (specify nature).

		Under each classification, details shall be given of names of the bodies corporate indicating separately whether such bodies are (i) subsidiaries, (ii) associates, (iii) joint ventures, or (iv) controlled special purpose entities in whom investments have been made and the nature and extent of the investment so made in each such body corporate (showing separately investments which are partly-paid). In regard to investments in the capital of partnership firms, the names of the firms (with the names of all their partners, total capital and the shares of each partner) shall be given.
(ii)		Investments carried at other than at cost should be separately stated specifying the basis for valuation thereof;
(iii)		The following shall also be disclosed :

(a)		Aggregate amount of quoted investments and market value thereof;
(b)		Aggregate amount of unquoted investments;
(c)		Aggregate provision for diminution in value of investments.

L. Long-term loans and advances

(i)

Long-term loans and advances shall be classified as :

(a)		Capital Advances;
(b)		Security Deposits;
(c)		Loans and advances to related parties (giving details thereof);
(d)		Other loans and advances (specify nature).

(ii)

The above shall also be separately sub-classified as :

(a)		Secured, considered good;
(b)		Unsecured, considered good;
(c)		Doubtful.

(iii)		Allowance for bad and doubtful loans and advances shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv)		Loans and advances due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other persons or amounts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.

M. Other non-current assets

Other non-current assets shall be classified as :

(i)		Long-term Trade Receivables (including trade receivables on deferred credit terms);
(ii)		Others (specify nature);
(iii)		Long-term Trade Receivables, shall be sub-classified as :

(a)		(A) Secured, considered good;
		(B) Unsecured, considered good;
		(C) Doubtful.
(b)		Allowance for bad and doubtful debts shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(c)		Debts due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or debts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.

N. Current Investments

(i)

Current investments shall be classified as :

(a)		Investments in Equity Instruments;
(b)		Investment in Preference Shares;
(c)		Investments in Government or trust securities;
(d)		Investments in debentures or bonds;
(e)		Investments in Mutual Funds;
(f)		Investments in partnership firms;
(g)		Other investments (specify nature).

		Under each classification, details shall be given of names of the bodies corporate [indicating separately whether such bodies are: (i) subsidiaries, (ii) associates, (iii) joint ventures, or (iv) controlled special purpose entities] in whom investments have been made and the nature and extent of the investment so made in each such body corporate (showing separately investments which are partly paid). In regard to investments in the capital of partnership firms, the names of the firms (with the names of all their partners, total capital and the shares of each partner) shall be given.
(ii)		The following shall also be disclosed :

(a)		The basis of valuation of individual investments;
(b)		Aggregate amount of quoted investments and market value thereof;
(c)		Aggregate amount of unquoted investments;
(d)		Aggregate provision made for diminution in value of investments.

O. Inventories

(i)

Inventories shall be classified as :

(a)		Raw materials;
(b)		Work-in-progress;
(c)		Finished goods;
(d)		Stock-in-trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading);
(e)		Stores and spares;
(f)		Loose tools;
(g)		Others (specify nature).

(ii)		Goods-in-transit shall be disclosed under the relevant sub-head of inventories.
(iii)		Mode of valuation shall be stated.

P. Trade Receivables

(i)		Aggregate amount of Trade Receivables outstanding for a period exceeding six months from the date they are due for payment should be separately stated.
(ii)		Trade receivables shall be sub-classified as :

(a)		Secured, considered good;
(b)		Unsecured, considered good;
(c)		Doubtful.

(iii)		Allowance for bad and doubtful debts shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv)		Debts due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or debts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member should be separately stated.

Q. Cash and cash equivalents

(i)

Cash and cash equivalents shall be classified as :

(a)		Balances with banks;
(b)		Cheques, drafts on hand;
(c)		Cash on hand;
(d)		Others (specify nature).

(ii)		Earmarked balances with banks (for example, for unpaid dividend) shall be separately stated.
(iii)		Balances with banks to the extent held as margin money or security against the borrowings, guarantees, other commitments shall be disclosed separately.
(iv)		Repatriation restrictions, if any, in respect of cash and bank balances shall be separately stated.
(v)		Bank deposits with more than twelve months maturity shall be disclosed separately.

R. Short-term loans and advances

(i)

Short-term loans and advances shall be classified as :

(a)		Loans and advances to related parties (giving details thereof);
(b)		Others (specify nature).

(ii)

The above shall also be sub-classified as :

(a)		Secured, considered good;
(b)		Unsecured, considered good;
(c)		Doubtful.

(iii)		Allowance for bad and doubtful loans and advances shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iv)		Loans and advances due by directors or other officers of the company or any of them either severally or jointly with any other person or amounts due by firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a member shall be separately stated.

S. Other current assets (specify nature)

This is an all-inclusive heading, which incorporates current assets that do not fit into any other asset categories.

T. Contingent liabilities and commitments (to the extent not provided for)

(i)

Contingent liabilities shall be classified as :

(a)		Claims against the company not acknowledged as debt;
(b)		Guarantees;
(c)		Other money for which the company is contingently liable.

(ii)

Commitments shall be classified as :

(a)		Estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not provided for;
(b)		Uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid;
(c)		Other commitments (specify nature).

U. The amount of dividends proposed to be distributed to equity and preference shareholders for the period and the related amount per share shall be disclosed separately. Arrears of fixed cumulative dividends on preference shares shall also be disclosed separately.

V. Where in respect of an issue of securities made for a specific purpose, the whole or part of the amount has not been used for the specific purpose at the balance sheet date, there shall be indicated by way of note how such unutilized amounts have been used or invested.

W. If, in the opinion of the Board, any of the assets other than fixed assets and non-current investments do not have a value on realisation in the ordinary course of business at least equal to the amount at which they are stated, the fact that the Board is of that opinion, shall be stated.

PART II

STATEMENT OF PROFIT AND LOSS

Name of the Company…………………….

Profit and loss statement for the year ended ………………………

(Rupees in…………)

	Particulars	Note No.	Figures as at the end of current reporting period	Figures as at the end of the previous reporting period
	1	2	3	4
I.	Revenue from operations		xxx	xxx
II.	Other income		xxx	xxx
III.	Total Revenue (I + II)		xxx	xxx
IV.	Expenses :
	Cost of materials consumed
	Purchases of Stock-in-Trade
	Changes in inventories of finished goods		xxx	xxx
	Work-in-progress		xxx	xxx
	and Stock-in-Trade		xxx	xxx
	Employee benefits expense		xxx	xxx
	Finance costs
	Depreciation and amortisation expense
	Other expenses
	Total expenses		xxx	xxx
V.	Profit before exceptional and extraordinary items and tax (III – IV)		xxx	xxx
VI.	Exceptional items		xxx	xxx
VII.	Profit before extraordinary items and tax (V – VI)		xxx	xxx
VIII.	Extraordinary items		xxx	xxx
IX.	Profit before tax (VII – VIII)		xxx	xxx
X.	Tax expense :
	(1) Current tax		xxx	xxx
	(2) Deferred tax		xxx	xxx
XI.	Profit (Loss) for the period from continuing operations (VII-VIII)		xxx	xxx
XII.	Profit/(loss) from discontinuing operations		xxx	xxx
XIII.	Tax expense of discontinuing operations		xxx	xxx
XIV.	Profit/(loss) from Discontinuing operations (after tax) (XII-XIII)		xxx	xxx
XV.	Profit (Loss) for the period (XI + XIV)		xxx	xxx
XVI.	Earnings per equity share :
	(1) Basic		xxx	xxx
	(2) Diluted		xxx	xxx

See accompanying notes to the financial statements.

General instructions for preparation of statement of profit and loss

1. The provisions of this Part shall apply to the income and expenditure account referred to in sub-clause (ii) of clause (40) of section 2 in like manner as they apply to a statement of profit and loss.

2. (A) In respect of a company other than a finance company revenue from operations shall disclose separately in the notes revenue from—

(a)		Sale of products;
(b)		Sale of services;
(c)		Other operating revenues;
		Less :
(d)		Excise duty.

(B) In respect of a finance company, revenue from operations shall include revenue from—

(a)		Interest; and
(b)		Other financial services.

Revenue under each of the above heads shall be disclosed separately by way of notes to accounts to the extent applicable.

3. Finance Costs

Finance costs shall be classified as :

(a)		Interest expense;
(b)		Other borrowing costs;
(c)		Applicable net gain/loss on foreign currency transactions and translation.

4. Other income

Other income shall be classified as :

(a)		Interest Income (in case of a company other than a finance company);
(b)		Dividend Income;
(c)		Net gain/loss on sale of investments;
(d)		Other non-operating income (net of expenses directly attributable to such income).

5. Additional Information

A Company shall disclose by way of notes additional information regarding aggregate expenditure and income on the following items: —

(i)		(a) Employee Benefits Expense [showing separately (i) salaries and wages, (ii) contribution to provident and other funds, (iii) expense on Employee Stock Option Scheme (ESOP) and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), (iv) staff welfare expenses].
		(b) Depreciation and amortisation expense;
		(c) Any item of income or expenditure which exceeds one per cent of the revenue from operations or Rs.1,00,000, whichever is higher;
		(d) Interest income;
		(e) Interest expense;
		(f) Dividend income;
		(g) Net gain/loss on sale of investments;
		(h) Adjustments to the carrying amount of investments;
		(i) Net gain or loss on foreign currency transaction and translation (other than considered as finance cost);
		(j) Payments to the auditor as (a) auditor; (b) for taxation matters; (c) for company law matters; (d) for management services; (e) for other services; and (f) for reimbursement of expenses;
		(k) In case of Companies covered under section 135, amount of expenditure incurred on corporate social responsibility activities;
		(l) Details of items of exceptional and extraordinary nature;
		(m) Prior period items.
(ii)		(a) In the case of manufacturing companies,—

(1)		Raw materials under broad heads.
(2)		Goods purchased under broad heads.

		(b) In the case of trading companies, purchases in respect of goods traded in by the company under broad heads.
		(c) In the case of companies rendering or supplying services, gross income derived from services rendered or supplied under broad heads.
		(d) In the case of a company, which falls under more than one of the categories mentioned in (a), (b) and (c) above, it shall be sufficient compliance with the requirements herein if purchases, sales and consumption of raw material and the gross income from services rendered is shown under broad heads.
		(e) In the case of other companies, gross income derived under broad heads.
(iii)		In the case of all concerns having works-in-progress, works-in-progress under broad heads.
(iv)		(a) The aggregate, if material, of any amounts set aside or proposed to be set aside, to reserve, but not including provisions made to meet any specific liability, contingency or commitment known to exist at the date as to which the balance sheet is made up.
		(b) The aggregate, if material, of any amounts withdrawn from such reserves.
(v)		(a) The aggregate, if material, of the amounts set aside to provisions made for meeting specific liabilities, contingencies or commitments.
		(b) The aggregate, if material, of the amounts withdrawn from such provisions, as no longer required.
(vi)		Expenditure incurred on each of the following items, separately for each item:—

(a)		Consumption of stores and spare parts;
(b)		Power and fuel;
(c)		Rent;
(d)		Repairs to buildings;
(e)		Repairs to machinery;
(f)		Insurance;
(g)		Rates and taxes, excluding taxes on income;
(h)		Miscellaneous expenses,

(vii)		(a) Dividends from subsidiary companies.
		(b) Provisions for losses of subsidiary companies.
(viii)		The profit and loss account shall also contain by way of a note the following information, namely:—

(a)

Value of imports calculated on C.I.F. basis by the company during the financial year in respect of—

I.		Raw materials;
II.		Components and spare parts;
III.		Capital goods;

(b)		Expenditure in foreign currency during the financial year on account of royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees, interest, and other matters;
(c)		Total value if all imported raw materials, spare parts and components consumed during the financial year and the total value of all indigenous raw materials, spare parts and components similarly consumed and the percentage of each to the total consumption;
(d)		The amount remitted during the year in foreign currencies on account of dividends with a specific mention of the total number of non-resident shareholders, the total number of shares held by them on which the dividends were due and the year to which the dividends related;
(e)		Earnings in foreign exchange classified under the following heads, namely:—

I.		Export of goods calculated on F.O.B. basis;
II.		Royalty, know-how, professional and consultation fees;
III.		Interest and dividend;
IV.		Other income, indicating the nature thereof.

Note:— Broad heads shall be decided taking into account the concept of materiality and presentation of true and fair view of financial statements.

General instructions for the preparation of consolidated financial statements

1. Where a company is required to prepare Consolidated Financial Statements, i.e., consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement of profit and loss, the company shall mutatis mutandis follow the requirements of this Schedule as applicable to a company in the preparation of balance sheet and statement of profit and loss. In addition, the consolidated financial statements shall disclose the information as per the requirements specified in the applicable Accounting Standards including the following :

(i)		Profit or loss attributable to “minority interest” and to owners of the parent in the statement of profit and loss shall be presented as allocation for the period.
(ii)		“Minority interests” in the balance sheet within equity shall be presented separately from the equity of the owners of the parent.

2. In Consolidated Financial Statements, the following shall be disclosed by way of additional information :

Name of the entity in the	Net Assets, i.e., total assets minus total liabilities		Share in profit or loss
	As % of consolidated net assets	Amount	As % of consolidated profit or loss	Amount
1	2	3	4	5
Parent Subsidiaries Indian
1.
2.
3.
.
.
Foreign
1.
2.
3.
.
.
Minority Interests in all subsidiaries Associates (Investment as per the equity method)
Indian
1.
2.
3.
.
.
Foreign
1.
2.
3.
.
.
Joint Ventures
(as per proportionate consolidation/investment as per the equity method)
Indian
1.
2.
3.
.
.
Foreign
1.
2.
3.
.
.
TOTAL

3. All subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures (whether Indian or foreign) will be covered under consolidated financial statements.

4. An entity shall disclose the list of subsidiaries or associates or joint ventures which have not been consolidated in the consolidated financial statements along with the reasons of not consolidating.

ARTICLES 243(d) & 243P(e) OF CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Definitions.

243. **

(d)

“Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self-Government constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;

Definitions.

243P. **

(e)

“Municipality” means an institution of self-Government constituted under article 243Q;

ARTICLE 366(24) & (25) OF CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Definitions

366. **

(24)		“Scheduled Castes” means such castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution;
(25)		“Scheduled Tribes” means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution;

EIGHTH SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

[Articles 344(1) and 351]

Languages

1.	Assamese.	12.	Manipuri.
2.	Bengali.	13.	Marathi.
3.	Bodo	14.	Nepali.
4.	Dogri	15.	Oriya.
5.	Gujarati.	16.	Punjabi.
6.	Hindi.	17.	Sanskrit.
7.	Kannada.	18.	Santhali.
8.	Kashmiri.	19.	Sindhi.
9.	Konkani.	20.	Tamil.
10.	Maithili	21.	Telugu.
11.	Malayalam.	22.	Urdu.

SECTION 2(11) OF CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 1908

Definitions

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(11)

“legal representative” means a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased person, and includes any person who intermeddles with the estate of the deceased and where a party sues or is sued in a representative character the person on whom the estate devolves on the death of the party so suing or sued;

SECTION 60 OF CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, 1908

Property liable to attachment and sale in execution of decree.

60. (1) The following property is liable to attachment and sale in execution of a decree, namely, lands, houses or other buildings, goods, money, bank notes, cheques, bills of exchange, hundis, promissory notes, Government securities, bonds or other securities for money, debts, shares in a corporation and, save as hereinafter mentioned, all other saleable property, movable or immovable, belonging to the judgment-debtor, or over which, or the profits of which, he has a disposing power which he may exercise for his own benefit, whether the same be held in the name of the judgment-debtor or by another person in trust for him or on his behalf :

Provided that the following particulars shall not be liable to such attachment or sale, namely :—

(a)		the necessary wearing-apparel, cooking vessels, beds and bedding of the judgment-debtor, his wife and children, and such personal ornaments as, in accordance with religious usage, cannot be parted with by any woman ;
(b)		tools of artisans, and, where the judgment-debtor is an agriculturist, his implements of husbandry and such cattle and seed- grain as may, in the opinion of the Court, be necessary to enable him to earn his livelihood as such, and such portion of agricultural produce or of any class of agricultural produce as may have been declared to be free from liability under the provisions of the next following section ;
(c)		houses and other buildings (with the materials and the sites thereof and the land immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment) belonging to an agriculturist or a labourer or a domestic servant and occupied by him ;
(d)		books of account ;
(e)		a mere right to sue for damages ;
(f)		any right of personal service ;
(g)		stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners of the Government or of a local authority or of any other employer, or payable out of any service family pension fund notified in the Official Gazette by the Central Government or the State Government in this behalf, and political pension ;
(h)		the wages of labourers and domestic servants, whether payable in money or in kind ;
(i)		salary to the extent of the first one thousand rupees and two-thirds of the remainder in execution of any decree other than a decree for maintenance :
		Provided that where any part of such portion of the salary as is liable to attachment has been under attachment, whether continuously or intermittently, for a total period of twenty-four months, such portion shall be exempt from attachment until the expiry of a further period of twelve months, and, where such attachment has been made in execution of one and the same decree, shall, after the attachment has continued for a total period of twenty-four months, be finally exempt from attachment in execution of that decree ;
(ia)		one-third of the salary in execution of any decree for maintenance;
(j)		the pay and allowances of persons to whom the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957), applies ;
(k)		all compulsory deposits and other sums in or derived from any fund to which the Provident Funds Act, 1925 (19 of 1925), for the time being applies, in so far as they are declared by the said Act not to be liable to attachment ;
(ka)		all deposits and other sums in or derived from any fund to which the Public Provident Fund Act, 1968 (23 of 1968), for the time being applies, in so far as they are declared by the said Act as not to be liable to attachment ;
(kb)		all moneys payable under a policy of insurance on the life of the judgment- debtor ;
(kc)		the interest of a lessee of a residential building to which the provisions of law for the time being in force relating to control of rents and accommodation apply ;
(l)		any allowance forming part of the emoluments of any servant of the Government or of any servant of a Railway company or local authority which the appropriate Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be exempt from attachment, and any subsistence grant or allowance made to any such servant while under suspension ;
(m)		an expectancy of succession by survivorship or other merely contingent or possible right or interest ;
(n)		a right to future maintenance ;
(o)		any allowance declared by any Indian law to be exempt from liability to attachment or sale in execution of a decree ; and
(p)		where the judgment-debtor is a person liable for the payment of land-revenue, any movable property which, under any law for the time being applicable to him, is exempt from sale for the recovery of an arrear of such revenue.

Explanation I : The moneys payable in relation to the matters mentioned in clauses (g), (h), (i), (ia), (j), (l) and (o) are exempt from attachment or sale, whether before or after they are actually payable, and, in the case of salary, the attachable portion thereof is liable to attachment, whether before or after it is actually payable.

Explanation II : In clauses (i) and (ia), “salary” means the total monthly emoluments, excluding any allowance declared exempt from attachment under the provisions of clause (l), derived by a person from his employment whether on duty or on leave.

Explanation III : In clause (l) “appropriate Government” means—

(i)		as respects any person in the service of the Central Government, or any servant of a Railway Administration or of a cantonment authority or of the port authority of a major port, the Central Government;
(ii)		[***]
(iii)		as respects any other servant of the Government or a servant of any other local authority, the State Government.

Explanation IV : For the purposes of this proviso, “wages” includes bonus, and “labourer” includes a skilled, unskilled or semi-skilled labourer.

Explanation V : For the purposes of this proviso, the expression “agriculturist” means a person who cultivates land personally and who depends for his livelihood mainly on the income from agricultural land, whether as owner, tenant, partner or agricultural labourer.

Explanation VI : For the purposes of Explanation V, an agriculturist shall be deemed to cultivate land personally, if he cultivates land—

(a)		by his own labour, or
(b)		by the labour of any member of his family, or
(c)		by servants or labourers on wages payable in cash or in kind (not being as a share of the produce), or both.

(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, an agreement by which a person agrees to waive the benefit of any exemption under this section shall be void.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to exempt houses and other buildings (with the materials and the sites thereof and the lands immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment) from attachment or sale in execution of decrees for rent of any such house, building, site or land.

SECTION 2(u) OF CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973

Definitions.

2. In this Code, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(u)

“Public Prosecutor” means any person appointed under section 24, and includes any person acting under the directions of a Public Prosecutor;

SECTION 360 OF CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973

Order to release on probation of good conduct or after admonition.

360. (1) When any person not under twenty-one years of age is convicted of an offence punishable with fine only or with imprisonment for a term of seven years or less, or when any person under twenty-one years of age or any woman is convicted of an offence not punishable with death or imprisonment for life, and no previous conviction is proved against the offender, if it appears to the Court before which he is convicted, regard being had to the age, character or antecedents of the offender, and to the circumstances in which the offence was committed, that it is expedient that the offender should be released on probation of good conduct, the Court may, instead of sentencing him at once to any punishment, direct that he be released on his entering into a bond, with or without sureties, to appear and receive sentence when called upon during such period (not exceeding three years) as the Court may direct and in the meantime to keep the peace and be of good behaviour :

Provided that where any first offender is convicted by a Magistrate of the second class not specially empowered by the High Court, and the Magistrate is of opinion that the powers conferred by this section should be exercised, he shall record his opinion to that effect, and submit the proceedings to a Magistrate of the first class, forwarding the accused to, or taking bail for his appearance before, such Magistrate, who shall dispose of the case in the manner provided by sub-section (2).

(2) Where proceedings are submitted to a Magistrate of the first class as provided by sub-section (1), such Magistrate may thereupon pass such sentence or make such order as he might have passed or made if the case had originally been heard by him, and, if he thinks further inquiry or additional evidence on any point to be necessary, he may make such inquiry or take such evidence himself or direct such inquiry or evidence to be made or taken.

(3) In any case in which a person is convicted of theft, theft in a building, dishonest misappropriation, cheating or any offence under the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) punishable with not more than two years’ imprisonment or any offence punishable with fine only and no previous conviction is proved against him, the Court before which he is so convicted may, if it thinks fit, having regard to the age, character, antecedents or physical or mental condition of the offender and to the trivial nature of the offence or any extenuating circumstances under which the offence was committed, instead of sentencing him to any punishment, release him after due admonition.

(4) An order under this section may be made by any Appellate Court or by the High Court or Court of Session when exercising its powers of revision.

(5) When an order has been made under this section in respect of any offender, the High Court or Court of Session may, on appeal when there is a right of appeal to such Court, or when exercising its powers of revision, set aside such order, and in lieu thereof pass sentence on such offender according to law :

Provided that the High Court or Court of Session shall not under this sub-section inflict a greater punishment than might have been inflicted by the Court by which the offender was convicted.

(6) The provisions of sections 121, 124 and 373 shall, so far as may be, apply in the case of sureties offered in pursuance of the provisions of this section.

(7) The Court, before directing the release of an offender under sub-section (1), shall be satisfied that an offender or his surety (if any) has a fixed place of abode or regular occupation in the place for which the Court acts or in which the offender is likely to live during the period named for the observance of the conditions.

(8) If the Court which convicted the offender, or a Court which could have dealt with the offender in respect of his original offence, is satisfied that the offender has failed to observe any of the conditions of his recognizance, it may issue a warrant for his apprehension.

(9) An offender, when apprehended on any such warrant, shall be brought forthwith before the Court issuing the warrant, and such Court may either remand him in custody until the case is heard or admit him to bail with a sufficient surety conditioned on his appearing for sentence and such Court may, after hearing the case, pass sentence.

(10) Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 (20 of 1958), or the Children Act, 1960 (60 of 1960), or any other law for the time being in force for the treatment, training or rehabilitation of youthful offenders.

SECTION 2(13) OF CUSTOMS ACT, 1962

Definitions.

2. **

(13) “customs station” means any customs port, customs airport or land customs station;

SECTION 28E(c) OF CUSTOMS ACT, 1962

Definitions.

28E. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(c)

“applicant” means—

(i)		(a) a non-resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident or a resident; or
		(b) a resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident; or
		(c) a wholly owned subsidiary Indian company, of which the holding company is a foreign company,
		who or which, as the case may be, proposes to undertake any business activity in India;
(ii)		a joint venture in India; or
(iii)		a resident falling within any such class or category of persons, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf,

		and which or who, as the case may be, makes application for advance ruling under sub-section (1) of section 28H.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “joint venture in India” means a contractual arrangement whereby two or more persons undertake an economic activity which is subject to joint control and one or more of the participants or partners or equity holders is a non-resident having substantial interest in such arrangement;

SECTION 50 OF CUSTOMS ACT, 1962

Entry of goods for exportation.

50. (1) The exporter of any goods shall make entry thereof by presenting electronically to the proper officer in the case of goods to be exported in a vessel or aircraft, a shipping bill, and in the case of goods to be exported by land, a bill of export in the prescribed form :

Provided that the Principal Commissioner of Customs or Commissioner of Customs may, in cases where it is not feasible to make entry by presenting electronically, allow an entry to be presented in any other manner.

(2) The exporter of any goods, while presenting a shipping bill or bill of export, shall make and subscribe to a declaration as to the truth of its contents.

SECTION 2(1)(a), (e) AND (l) OF DEPOSITORIES ACT, 1996

Definitions.

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)

“beneficial owner” means a person whose name is recorded as such with a depository;

(e)

“depository” means a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and which has been granted a certificate of registration under sub-section (1A) of section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

(l)

“security” means such security as may be specified by the Board;

SECTION 2(d) OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(d)

“disaster” means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area;

SECTION 1(3) AND (4) OF EMPLOYEES’ PROVIDENT FUNDS AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ACT, 1952

Short title, extent and application.

1. **

(3) Subject to the provisions contained in section 16, it applies—

(a)		to every establishment which is a factory engaged in any industry specified in Schedule I and in which twenty or more persons are employed, and
(b)		to any other establishment employing twenty or more persons or class of such establishments which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf :

Provided that the Central Government may, after giving not less than two months’ notice of its intention so to do, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the provisions of this Act to any establishment employing such number of persons less than twenty as may be specified in the notification.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (3) of this section or sub-section (1) of section 16, where it appears to the Central Provident Fund Commissioner, whether on an application made to him in this behalf or otherwise, that the employer and the majority of employees in relation to any establishment have agreed that the provisions of this Act should be made applicable to the establishment, he may, by notification in the Official Gazette, apply the provisions of this Act to that establishment on and from the date of such agreement or from any subsequent date specified in such agreement.

SECTION 96A(b) OF FINANCE ACT, 1994

Definitions.

96A. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(b)

“applicant” means,—

(i)		(a) a non-resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident or a resident; or
		(b) a resident setting up a joint venture in India in collaboration with a non-resident; or
		(c) a wholly owned subsidiary Indian company, of which the holding company is a foreign company,
		who or which, as the case may be, proposes to undertake any business activity in India;
(ii)		a joint venture in India; or
(iii)		a resident falling within any such class or category of persons, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf,

		and which or who, as the case may be, makes application for advance ruling under sub-section (1) of section 96C.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “joint venture in India” means a contractual arrangement whereby two or more persons undertake an economic activity which is subject to joint control and one or more of the participants or partners or equity holders is a non-resident having substantial interest in such arrangement;

SECTION 2 OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(c)

“authorised person” means an authorised dealer, money changer, offshore banking unit or any other person for the time being authorised under sub-section (1) of section 10 to deal in foreign exchange or foreign securities;

(h)

“currency” includes all currency notes, postal notes, postal orders, money orders, cheques, drafts, travellers cheques, letters of credit, bills of exchange and promissory notes, credit cards or such other similar instruments, as may be notified by the Reserve Bank;

(m)		“foreign currency” means any currency other than Indian currency;
(n)		“foreign exchange” means foreign currency and includes,—

(i)		deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency,
(ii)		drafts, travellers cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange, expressed or drawn in Indian currency but payable in any foreign currency,
(iii)		drafts, travellers cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange drawn by banks, institutions or persons outside India, but payable in Indian currency;

(q)

“Indian currency” means currency which is expressed or drawn in Indian rupees but does not include special bank notes and special one rupee notes issued under section 28A of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934);

(v)

“person resident in India” means—

(i)

a person residing in India for more than one hundred and eighty-two days during the course of the preceding financial year but does not include—

(A)

a person who has gone out of India or who stays outside India, in either case—

(a)		for or on taking up employment outside India, or
(b)		for carrying on outside India a business or vocation outside India, or
(c)		for any other purpose, in such circumstances as would indicate his intention to stay outside India for an uncertain period;

(B)

a person who has come to or stays in India, in either case, otherwise than—

(a)		for or on taking up employment in India, or
(b)		for carrying on in India a business or vocation in India, or
(c)		for any other purpose, in such circumstances as would indicate his intention to stay in India for an uncertain period;

(ii)		any person or body corporate registered or incorporated in India,
(iii)		an office, branch or agency in India owned or controlled by a person resident outside India,
(iv)		an office, branch or agency outside India owned or controlled by a person resident in India;

(w)

“person resident outside India” means a person who is not resident in India;

SECTION 2 OF FORWARD CONTRACTS (REGULATION) ACT, 1952

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)		“association” means any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted for the purpose of regulating and controlling the business of the sale or purchase of any goods;
(b)		“Commission” means the Forward Markets Commission established under section 3;
(c)		“forward contract” means a contract for the delivery of goods and which is not a ready delivery contract;
(d)		“goods” means every kind of movable property other than actionable claims, money and securities;
(e)		“Government security” means a Government security as defined in the Public Debt Act, 1944 (18 of 1944);
(f)		“non-transferable specific delivery contract” means a specific delivery contract, the rights or liabilities under which or under any delivery order, railway receipt, bill of lading, warehouse receipt or any other document of title relating thereto are not transferable;
(g)		“option in goods” means an agreement, by whatever name called, for the purchase or sale of a right to buy or sell, or a right to buy and sell, goods in future, and includes a teji, a mandi, a teji-mandi, a galli, a put, a call or a put and call in goods;
(h)		“prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(i)		“ready delivery contract” means a contract which provides for the delivery of goods and the payment of a price therefor, either immediately or within such period not exceeding eleven days after the date of the contract and subject to such conditions as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in respect of any goods, the period under such contract not being capable of extension by the mutual consent of the parties thereto or otherwise:
		Provided that where any such contract is performed either wholly or in part,—

(1)		by tendering of the documents of title to the goods covered by the contract by any party thereto (not being a commission agent or a bank) who has acquired ownership of the said documents by purchase, exchange or otherwise, to any other person (including a commission agent but not including a bank); or
(2)		by the realisation of any sum of money, being the difference between the contract rate and the settlement rate or clearing rate or the rate of any offsetting contract; or
(3)		by any other means whatsoever,

		and as a result of which the actual tendering of the goods covered by the contract or the payment of the full price therefor is dispensed with, then, such contract shall not be deemed to be a ready delivery contract.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—

(i)		“bank” includes any banking company as defined in the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949), a co-operative bank as defined in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934), the State Bank of India and any of its subsidiaries and any corresponding new bank constituted under section 3 of the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970 (5 of 1970);
(ii)		“commission agent” means a person who, in the ordinary course of business, makes contract for the sale or purchase of goods for others for a remuneration (whether known as commission or otherwise) which is determined in the contract itself or determinable from the terms of the contract, in either case, only with reference to the quantity of goods or to the price therefor as stipulated in the contract;

(j)		“recognised association” means an association to which recognition for the time being has been granted by the Central Government under section 6 in respect of goods or classes of goods specified in such recognition;
(jj)		“registered association” means an association to which for the time being a certificate of registration has been granted by the Commission under section 14B;
(k)		“rules”, with reference to the rules relating in general to the constitution and management of an association, includes in the case of an incorporated association its memorandum and articles of association;
(l)		“securities” includes shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture-stocks, or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate and also Government securities;
(m)		“specific delivery contract” means a forward contract which provides for the actual delivery of specific qualities or types of goods during a specified future period at a price fixed thereby or to be fixed in the manner thereby agreed and in which the names of both the buyer and the seller are mentioned;
(n)		“transferable specific delivery contract” means a specific delivery contract which is not a non-transferable specific delivery contract and which is subject to such conditions relating to its transferability as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.

SECTION 2(c) OF GOVERNMENT SAVINGS CERTIFICATES ACT, 1959

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(c)

“savings certificate” means a savings certificate to which this Act applies;

CHAPTER IV OF HIGH COURT JUDGES (SALARIES & CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1954

Travelling allowances to a Judge.

22. Every Judge shall receive such reasonable allowances to reimburse him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within the territory of India and shall be afforded such reasonable facilities in connection with travelling as may, from time to time, be prescribed.

Facility of rent-free houses.

22A. (1) Every Judge shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of an official residence in accordance with such rules as may, from time to time, be made in this behalf.

(2) Where a Judge does not avail himself of the use of an official residence, he may be paid every month an allowance equivalent to an amount of thirty per cent of the salary.

Conveyance facilities.

22B. Every Judge shall be entitled to a staff car and two hundred litres of fuel every month or the actual consumption of fuel per month, whichever is less.

Sumptuary allowance.

22C. The Chief Justice and each of the other Judges of every High Court shall be entitled to a sumptuary allowance of fifteen thousand rupees per month and twelve thousand rupees per month respectively.

Exemption from liability to pay income-tax on certain perquisites received by a Judge.

22D. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961),—

(a)		the value of rent-free official residence provided to a Judge under sub-section (1) of section 22A or the allowance paid to him under sub-section (2) of that section;
(b)		the value of the conveyance facilities provided to a Judge under section 22B;
(c)		the sumptuary allowance provided to a Judge under section 22C;
(d)		the value of leave travel concession provided to a Judge and members of his family,

shall not be included in the computation of his income chargeable under the head “Salaries” under section 15 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

SECTION 4 OF INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932

Definition of “partnership”, “partner”, “firm” and “firm name”

4. “Partnership” is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.

Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are called individually “partners” and collectively “a firm”, and the name under which their business is carried on is called the “firm name”.

SECTION 21 OF INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860

“Public servant”.

21. The words “public servant” denote a person falling under any of the descriptions hereinafter following, namely :—

Second – Every Commissioned Officer in the Military, Naval or Air Forces of India;

Third – Every Judge including any person empowered by law to discharge, whether by himself or as a member of any body of persons, any adjudicatory functions;

Fourth – Every officer of a Court of Justice (including a liquidator, receiver or Commis-sioner) whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the Court, and every person specially authorised by a Court of Justice to perform any of such duties;

Fifth – Every juryman, assessor, or member of a panchayat assisting a Court of Justice or public servant;

Sixth – Every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any Court of Justice, or by any other competent public authority;

Seventh – Every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement;

Eighth – Every officer of the Government whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences, to give information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or convenience;

Ninth – Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of the Government, or to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of the Government, or to execute any revenue-process, or to investigate, or to report, on any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to make, authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of the Government;

Tenth – Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property, to make any survey or assessment or to levy any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town or district, or to make, authenticate or keep any document for the ascertaining of the rights of the people of any village, town or district;

Eleventh – Every person who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part of an election;

Twelfth – Every person—

(a)		in the service or pay of the Government or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty by the Government;
(b)		in the service or pay of a local authority, a corporation established by or under a Central, Provincial or State Act or a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956).

Illustration

A Municipal Commissioner is a public servant.

Explanation 1.—Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not.

Explanation 2.—Wherever the words “public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation.

Explanation 3.—The word “election” denotes an election for the purpose of selecting members of any legislative, municipal or other public authority, of whatever character, the method of selection to which is by, or under, any law prescribed as by election.

SECTION 2(k) OF INDIAN POST OFFICE ACT, 1898

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(k)

the expression “Post Office” means the department, established for the purpose of carrying the provisions of this Act into effect and presided over by the Director General.

SECTION 3 OF INDIAN TRUSTS ACT, 1882

Interpretation clause – “trust”

3. A “trust” is an obligation annexed to the ownership of property, and arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted by the owner, or declared and accepted by him, for the benefit of another, or of another and the owner:

“author of the trust”: “trustee”: “beneficiary”: “trust property”: “beneficial interest”: “instrument of trust” :

the person who reposes or declares the confidence is called the “author of the trust”: the person who accepts the confidence is called the “trustee”: the person for whose benefit the confidence is accepted is called the “beneficiary”: the subject-matter of the trust is called “trust-property” or “trust-money”: the “beneficial interest” or “interest” of the beneficiary is his right against the trustee as owner of the trust-property; and the instrument, if any, by which the trust is declared is called the “instrument of trust”;

“breach of trust” :

a breach of any duty imposed on a trustee, as such, by any law for the time being in force, is called a “breach of trust”.

SECTION 2 OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(g)

“employer” means—

(i)		in relation to an industry carried on by or under the authority of any department of the Central Government or a State Government, the authority prescribed in this behalf, or where no authority is prescribed, the head of the department;
(ii)		in relation to an industry carried on by or on behalf of a local authority, the chief executive officer of that authority;

(s)

“workman” means any person (including an apprentice) employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical or supervisory work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be express or implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, includes any such person who has been dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection with or as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute, but does not include any such person—

(i)		who is subject to the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957); or
(ii)		who is employed in the police service or as an officer or other employee of a prison; or
(iii)		who is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity; or
(iv)		who, being employed in a supervisory capacity, draws wages exceeding ten thousand rupees per mensem or exercises, either by the nature of the duties attached to the office or by reason of the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial nature.

SECTION 11B OF INDUSTRIES (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, 1951

Power of Central Government to specify the requirements which shall be complied with by the small scale industrial undertakings.

11B. (1) The Central Government may, with a view to ascertaining which ancillary and small scale industrial undertakings need supportive measures, exemptions or other favourable treatment under this Act to enable them to maintain their viability and strength so as to be effective in :

(a)		promoting in a harmonious manner the industrial economy of the country and easing the problem of unemployment, and
(b)		securing that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good,

specify, having regard to the factors mentioned in sub-section (2), by notified order, the requirements which shall be complied with by an industrial undertaking to enable it to be regarded, for the purposes of this Act, as an ancillary, or a small scale industrial undertaking and different requirements, may be so specified for different purposes or with respect to industrial undertakings engaged in the manufacture or production of different articles :

Provided that no industrial undertaking shall be regarded as an ancillary industrial undertaking unless it is, or is proposed to be, engaged in :—

(i)		the manufacture of parts, components, sub-assemblies, toolings or intermediates; or
(ii)		rendering of services, or supplying or rendering, not more than fifty per cent of its production or its total services, as the case may be, to other units for production of other articles.

(2) The factors referred to in sub-section (1) are the following, namely :—

(a)

the investment by the industrial undertaking in :—

(i)		plant and machinery, or
(ii)		land, buildings, plant and machinery;

(b)		the nature of ownership of the industrial undertaking;
(c)		the smallness of the number of workers employed in the industrial undertaking;
(d)		the nature, cost and quality of the product of the industrial undertaking;
(e)		foreign exchange, if any, required for the import of any plant or machinery by the industrial undertaking; and
(f)		such other relevant factors as may be prescribed.

(3) A copy of every notified order proposed to be made under sub-section (1) shall be laid in draft before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in disapproving the issue of the proposed notified order or both Houses agree in making any modification in the proposed notified order, the notified order shall not be made, or as the case may be, shall be made only in such modified form as may be agreed upon by both the Houses.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), an industrial undertaking which, according to the law for the time being in force, fell, immediately before the commencement of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 1984, under the definition of an ancillary, or small scale industrial undertaking, shall, after such commencement, continue to be regarded as an ancillary, or small scale industrial undertaking for the purposes of this Act until the definition aforesaid is altered or superseded by any notified order made under sub-section (1).

SECTION 14 OF INDUSTRIES (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION) ACT, 1951

Procedure for the grant of licence or permission.

14. Before granting any licence or permission under section 11, section 11A, section 13 or section 29B, the Central Government may require such officer or authority as it may appoint for the purpose, to make a full and complete investigations in respect of applications received in this behalf, and report to it the result of such investigation and in making any such investigation, the officer or authority shall follow such procedure as may be prescribed.

SECTION 2(1)(t) AND EXPLANATION TO SECTION 66A OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000

Definitions.

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(t)

“electronic record” means data, record or data generated, image or sound stored, received or sent in an electronic form or micro film or computer generated micro fiche;

Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc.

66A. **

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, terms “electronic mail” and “electronic mail message” means a message or information created or transmitted or received on a computer, computer system, computer resource or communication device including attachments in text, image, audio, video and any other electronic record, which may be transmitted with the message.

SECTION 3(19) OF INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016

Definitions.

3. In this Code, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(19)

“insolvency professional” means a person enrolled under section 206 with an insolvency professional agency as its member and registered with the Board as an insolvency professional under section 207;

SECTION 5(1) OF INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016

Definitions.

5. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(1)

“Adjudicating Authority”, for the purposes of this Part, means National Company Law Tribunal constituted under section 408 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

SECTION 3(g) OF INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY ACT, 1961

Definitions

3. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(g)

“Institute” means any of the Institutions mentioned in section 2 and includes the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, incorporated under the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, 1956 (5 of 1956);

SECTION 2 OF INSURANCE ACT, 1938

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(5B)

“Controller of Insurance” means the officer appointed by the Central Government under section 2B to exercise all the powers, discharge the functions and perform the duties of the Authority under this Act or the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 (31 of 1956) or the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (57 of 1972) or the Insurance Regulatory and Deve-lopment Authority Act, 1999;

(7A)

“Indian insurance company” means any insurer, being a company which is limited by shares, and,—

(a)		which is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) as a public company or is converted into such a company within one year of the commencement of the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Act, 2015;
(b)		in which the aggregate holdings of equity shares by foreign investors, including portfolio investors, do not exceed forty-nine per cent of the paid-up equity capital of such Indian insurance company, which is Indian owned and controlled, in such manner as may be prescribed.
		Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-clause, the expression “control” shall include the right to appoint a majority of the directors or to control the management or policy decisions including by virtue of their shareholding or management rights or shareholders agreements or voting agreements;
(c)		whose sole purpose is to carry on life insurance business or general insurance business or re-insurance business or health insurance business;

(9)

“insurer” means—

(a)		an Indian Insurance Company, or
(b)		a statutory body established by an Act of Parliament to carry on insurance business, or
(c)		an insurance co-operative society, or
(d)		a foreign company engaged in re-insurance business through a branch established in India.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-clause, the expression “foreign company” shall mean a company or body established or incorporated under a law of any country outside India and includes Lloyd’s established under the Lloyd’s Act, 1871 (United Kingdom) or any of its Members;

(11)

“life insurance business” means the business of effecting contracts of insurance upon human life, including any contract whereby the payment of money is assured on death (except death by accident only) or the happening of any contingency dependent on human life, and any contract which is subject to payment of premiums for a term dependent on human life and shall be deemed to include—

(a)		the granting of disability and double or triple indemnity accident benefits, if so provided in the contract of insurance,
(b)		the granting of annuities upon human life, and
(c)		the granting of superannuation allowances and benefit payable out of any fund applicable solely to the relief and maintenance of persons engaged or who have been engaged in any particular profession, trade or employment or of the dependants of such person;

SECTION 2(d) & (h) OF KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMMISSION ACT, 1956

Definitions

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(d)

“khadi” means any cloth woven on handlooms in India from cotton, silk or woollen yarn handspun in India or from a mixture of any two or all of such yarns;

(h)

“village industry” means,—

(i)		any industry located in a rural area which produces any goods or renders any service with or without the use of power and in which the fixed capital investment per head of an artisan or a worker does not exceed one lakh rupees or such other sum as may, by notification in the Official Gazette, be specified from time to time by the Central Government:
		Provided that any industry specified in the Schedule and located in an area other than a rural area and recognised as a village industry at any time before the commencement of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (Amendment) Act, 1987 shall, notwithstanding anything contained in this sub-clause, continue to be a village industry under this Act:
		Provided further that in the case of any industry located in a hilly area, the provisions of this sub-clause shall have effect as if for the words “one lakh rupees”, the words “one lakh and fifty thousand rupees” had been substituted.
(ii)		any other non-manufacturing unit established for the sole purpose of promoting, maintaining, assisting, servicing (including mother units) or managing any village industry;

SECTION 43 OF LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION ACT, 1956

Application of the Insurance Act.

43. (1) The following sections of the Insurance Act shall, so far as may be, apply to the Corporation as they apply to any other insurer, namely :—

Sections 2, 2B, 3, 18, 26, 33, 38, 39, 41, 45, 46, 47A, 50, 51, 52, 110A, 110B, 110C, 119, 121, 122 and 123.

(2) The Central Government shall as soon as may be after the commencement of this Act, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that the following sections of the Insurance Act shall apply to the Corporation subject to such conditions and modifications as may be specified in the notification, namely :—

Sections 2D, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27A, 28A, 35, 36, 37, 40, 40A, 40B, 43, 44, 102 to 106, 107 to 110, 111, 113, 114 and 116A.

(2A) Section 42 of the Insurance Act shall have effect in relation to the issue to any individual of a license to act as an agent for the purpose of soliciting or procuring life insurance business for the Corporation as if the reference to an officer authorised by the Authority in this behalf in sub-section (1) thereof included a reference to an officer of the Corporation authorised by the Authority in this behalf.

(3) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that all or any of the provisions of the Insurance Act other than those specified in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), shall apply to the Corporation subject to such conditions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.

(4) Every notification issued under sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) shall be laid for not less than thirty days before both Houses of Parliament as soon as possible after it is issued, and shall be subject to such modifications as Parliament may make during the session in which it is so laid or the session immediately following.

(5) Save as provided in this section, nothing contained in the Insurance Act shall apply to the Corporation.

SECTIONS 2, 56, 57, THIRD SCHEDULE AND FOURTH SCHEDULE OF LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP ACT, 2008

Definitions.

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(d)

“body corporate” means a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and includes—

(i)		a limited liability partnership registered under this Act;
(ii)		a limited liability partnership incorporated outside India; and
(iii)		a company incorporated outside India,

but does not include—

(i)		a corporation sole;
(ii)		a co-operative society registered under any law for the time being in force; and
(iii)		any other body corporate (not being a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) or a limited liability partnership as defined in this Act), which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf;

(e)

“business” includes every trade, profession, service and occupation;

(j)

“designated partner” means any partner designated as such pursuant to sec- tion 7;

(l)		“financial year”, in relation to a limited liability partnerships, means the period from the 1st day of April of a year to the 31st day of March of the following year :
		Provided that in the case of a limited liability partnership incorporated after the 30th day of September of a year, the financial year may end on the 31st day of March of the year next following that year;
(m)		“foreign limited liability partnership” means a limited liability partnership formed, incorporated or registered outside India which establishes a place of business within India;
(n)		“limited liability partnership” means a partnership formed and registered under this Act;
(o)		“limited liability partnership agreement” means any written agreement between the partners of the limited liability partnership or between the limited liability partnership and its partners which determines the mutual rights and duties of the partners and their rights and duties in relation to that limited liability partnership;

(q)

“partner”, in relation to a limited liability partnership, means any person who becomes a partner in the limited liability partnership in accordance with the limited liability partnership agreement;

CHAPTER X

CONVERSION INTO LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP

Conversion from private company into limited liability partnership.

56. A private company may convert into a limited liability partnership in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter and the Third Schedule.

Conversion from unlisted public company into limited liability partnership.

57. An unlisted public company may convert into a limited liability partnership in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter and the Fourth Schedule.

THE THIRD SCHEDULE

[See section 56]

CONVERSION FROM PRIVATE COMPANY INTO LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP

Interpretation.

1. In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)		‘company’ means a private company as defined in clause (iii) of sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956);
(b)		‘convert’, in relation to a private company converting into a limited liability partnership, means a transfer of the property, assets, interests, rights, privileges, liabilities, obligations and the undertaking of the private company to the limited liability partnership in accordance with this Schedule.

THE FOURTH SCHEDULE

[See section 57]

CONVERSION FROM UNLISTED PUBLIC COMPANY INTO LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP

Interpretation.

1. In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)		‘company’ means an unlisted public company;
(b)		‘convert’, in relation to a company converting into a limited liability partnership, means a transfer of the property, assets, interests, rights, privileges, liabilities, obligations and the undertaking of the company to the limited liability partnership in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule;
(c)		‘listed company’ means a listed company as defined in the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Disclosure and Investor Protection) Guidelines, 2000 issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India under section 11 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);
(d)		‘unlisted public company’ means a company which is not a listed company.

SECTION 3(12) & (18) OF MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT, 1958

Definitions.

3. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(12)

“fishing vessel” means a ship fitted with mechanical means of propulsion which is exclusively engaged in sea fishing for profit;

(18)

“Indian ship” means a ship registered as such under this Act and includes any ship registered at any port in India at the commencement of this Act which is recognised as an Indian ship under the proviso to sub-section (2) of section 22.

SECTION 2 OF MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(14)		“goods carriage” means any motor vehicle constructed or adopted for use solely for the carriage of goods, or any motor vehicle not so constructed or adopted when used for the carriage of goods;
(15)		“gross vehicle weight” means in respect of any vehicle the total weight of the vehicle and load certified and registered by the registering authority as permissible for that vehicle;

(17)

“heavy passenger motor vehicle” means any public service vehicle or private service vehicle or educational institution bus or omnibus the gross vehicle weight of any of which, or a motor car the unladen weight of which, exceeds 12,000 kilograms;

(21)

“light motor vehicle” means a transport vehicle or omnibus the gross vehicle weight of either of which or a motor car or tractor or road roller the unladen weight of any of which, does not exceed 7,500 kilograms;

(23)		“medium goods vehicle” means any goods carriage other than a light motor vehicle or a heavy goods vehicle;
(24)		“medium passenger motor vehicle” means any public service vehicle or private service vehicle, or educational institution bus other than a motor cycle, invalid carriage, light motor vehicle or heavy passenger motor vehicle;

(44)

“tractor” means a motor vehicle which is not itself constructed to carry any load (other than equipment used for the purpose of propulsion); but excludes a road-roller;

(48)

“unladen weight” means the weight of a vehicle or trailer including all equipments ordinarily used with the vehicle or trailer when working, but excluding the weight of a driver or attendant; and where alternative parts or bodies are used the unladen weight of the vehicle means the weight of the vehicle with the heaviest such alternative part or body;

SECTION 2 OF NATIONAL TRUST FOR WELFARE OF PERSONS WITH AUTISM, CEREBRAL PALSY, MENTAL RETARDATION AND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES ACT, 1999

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)

“autism” means a condition of uneven skill development primarily affecting the communication and social abilities of a person, marked by repetitive and ritualistic behaviour;

(c)

“cerebral palsy” means a group of non-progressive conditions of a person characterised by abnormal motor control posture resulting from brain insult or injuries occurring in the prenatal, perinatal or infant period of development;

(g)		“mental retardation” means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterised by sub-normality of intelligence;
(h)		“multiple disabilities” means a combination of two or more disabilities as defined in clause (i) of section 2 of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (1 of 1996);

(j)

“person with disability” means a person suffering from any of the conditions relating to autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation or a combination of any two or more of such conditions and includes a person suffering from severe multiple disability;

(o)

“severe disability” means disability with eighty per cent or more of one or more of multiple disabilities;

SECTION 2 OF PATENTS ACT, 1970

Definitions and interpretation.

2. (1) **

(b)

“Controller” means the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks referred to in section 73;

(j)

“invention” means a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application;

(m)

“patent” means a patent for any invention granted under this Act;

(o)

“patented article” and “patented process” mean respectively an article or process in respect of which a patent is in force;

(q)

“patent of addition” means a patent granted in accordance with section 54;

(y)

“true and first inventor” does not include either the first importer of an invention into India, or a person to whom an invention is first communicated from outside India.

SECTION 4 OF PAYMENT OF GRATUITY ACT, 1972

Payment of gratuity.

4. (1) **

(2) For every completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months, the employer shall pay gratuity to an employee at the rate of fifteen days’ wages based on the rate of wages last drawn by the employee concerned :

Provided that in the case of a piece-rated employee, daily wages shall be computed on the average of the total wages received by him for a period of three months immediately preceding the termination of his employment, and, for this purpose, the wages paid for any overtime work shall not be taken into account :

Provided further that in the case of an employee who is employed in a seasonal establishment and who is not so employed throughout the year, the employer shall pay the gratuity at the rate of seven days’ wages for each season.

Explanation.—In the case of a monthly rated employee, the fifteen days’ wages shall be calculated by dividing the monthly rate of wages last drawn by him by twenty-six and multiplying the quotient by fifteen.

(3) The amount of gratuity payable to an employee shall not exceed ten lakh rupees.

SECTION 2 OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, PROTECTION OF RIGHTS & FULL PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1995*

Definitions.

2. **

(a)

“appropriate Government” means,—

(i)		in relation to the Central Government or any establishment wholly or substantially financed by that Government, or a Cantonment Board constituted under the Cantonment Act, 1924 (2 of 1924), the Central Government;
(ii)		in relation to a State Government or any establishment wholly or substantially financed by that Government, or any local authority, other than a Cantonment Board, the State Government;
(iii)		in respect of the Central Co-ordination Committee and the Central Executive Committee, the Central Government;
(iv)		in respect of the State Co-ordination Committee and the State Executive Committee, the State Government;

(b)

“blindness” refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of the following conditions, namely:—

(i)		total absence of sight; or
(ii)		visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 (snellen) in the better eye with correcting lenses; or
(iii)		limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 20 degree or worse;

(i)

“disability” means—

(i)		blindness;
(ii)		low vision;
(iii)		leprosy-cured;
(iv)		hearing impairment;
(v)		locomotor disability;
(vi)		mental retardation;
(vii)		mental illness;

(l)

“hearing impairment” means loss of sixty decibels or more in the better ear in the conversational range of frequencies;

(n)

“leprosy-cured person” means any person who has been cured of leprosy but is suffering from—

(i)		loss of sensation in hands or feet as well as loss of sensation and paresis in the eye and eye-lid but with no manifest deformity;
(ii)		manifest deformity and paresis but having sufficient mobility in their hands and feet to enable them to engage in normal economic activity;
(iii)		extreme physical deformity as well as advanced age which prevents him from undertaking any gainful occupation,

		and the expression “leprosy-cured” shall be construed accordingly;
(o)		“locomotor disability” means disability of the bones, joints or muscles leading to substantial restriction of the movement of the limbs or any form of cerebral palsy;
(p)		“medical authority” means any hospital or institution specified for the purposes of this Act by notification by the appropriate Government;
(q)		“mental illness” means any mental disorder other than mental retardation;
(r)		“mental retardation” means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterised by subnormality of intelligence;

(t)		“person with disability” means a person suffering from not less than forty per cent of any disability as certified by a medical authority;
(u)		“person with low vision” means a person with impairment of visual functioning even after treatment or standard refractive correction but who uses or is potentially capable of using vision for the planning or execution of a task with appropriate assistive device;

(w)

“rehabilitation” refers to a process aimed at enabling persons with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric or social functional levels;

SECTION 56 OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, PROTECTION OF RIGHTS & FULL PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1995*

Institutions for persons with severe disabilities.

56. (1) The appropriate Government may establish and maintain institutions for persons with severe disabilities at such places as it thinks fit.

(2) Where, the appropriate Government is of opinion that any institution other than an institution, established under sub-section (1), is fit for the rehabilitation of the persons with severe disabilities, the Government may recognise such institution as an institution for persons with severe disabilities for the purposes of this Act :

Provided that no institution shall be recognised under this section unless such institution has complied with the requirements of this Act and the rules made thereunder.

(3) Every institution established under sub-section (1) shall be maintained in such manner and satisfy such conditions as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government.

(4) For the purposes of this section “person with severe disability” means a person with eighty per cent or more of one or more disabilities.

SECTION 2(2) OF PUBLIC DEBT ACT, 1944

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(2) “Government security” means—

(a)

A security, created and issued, by the Government for the purpose of raising a public loan, and having one of the following forms, namely:—

(i)		stock transferable by registration in the books of the Bank; or
(ii)		a promissory note payable to order; or
(iii)		a bearer bond payable to bearer; or
(iv)		a form prescribed in this behalf;

(b)

Any other security created and issued by the Government in such form and for such of the purposes of this Act as may be prescribed;

SECTION 2(k) OF REAL ESTATE (REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) ACT, 2016

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(k)		“carpet area” means the net usable floor area of an apartment, excluding the area covered by the external walls, areas under services shafts, exclusive balcony or verandah area and exclusive open terrace area, but includes the area covered by the internal partition walls of the apartment;
		Explanation.—For the purpose of this clause, the expression “exclusive balcony or verandah area” means the area of the balcony or verandah, as the case may be, which is appurtenant to the net usable floor area of an apartment, meant for the exclusive use of the allottee; and “exclusive open terrace area” means the area of open terrace which is appurtenant to the net usable floor area of an apartment, meant for the exclusive use of the allottee;

SECTION 2(e) OF RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT, 1934

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,—

(e)

“scheduled bank” means a bank included in the Second Schedule ;

SECTION 31(3) OF RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT, 1934

Issue of demand bills and notes.

31. **

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, the Central Government may authorise any scheduled bank to issue electoral bond.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, “electoral bond” means a bond issued by any scheduled bank under the scheme as may be notified by the Central Government.

SECTION 45-I(f) OF RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT, 1934

Definitions.

45-I. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(f)

“non-banking financial company” means—

(i)		a financial institution which is a company;
(ii)		a non-banking institution which is a company and which has as its principal business the receiving of deposits, under any scheme or arrangement or in any other manner, or lending in any manner;
(iii)		such other non-banking institution or class of such institutions, as the Bank may, with the previous approval of the Central Government and by notification in the Official Gazette, specify;

SECTION 2(1)(z) AND (zg) OF SECURITISATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITY INTEREST ACT, 2002

Definitions

2. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(z)

“securitisation” means acquisition of financial assets by any asset reconstruction company from any originator, whether by raising of funds by such asset reconstruction company from qualified buyers by issue of security receipts representing undivided interest in such financial assets or otherwise;

(zg)

“security receipt” means a receipt or other security, issued by a asset reconstruction company to any qualified buyer pursuant to a scheme, evidencing the purchase or acquisition by the holder thereof, of an undivided right, title or interest in the financial asset involved in securitisation;

REGULATION 2(p) OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (MUTUAL FUNDS) REGULATIONS, 1996

Definitions.

2. In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires:—

(p)

“money market mutual fund” means a scheme of a mutual fund which has been set up with the objective of investing exclusively in money market instruments;

REGULATION 49L(1) OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (MUTUAL FUNDS) REGULATIONS, 1996

Definitions.

49L. For the purposes of this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires—

(1) “Infrastructure debt fund scheme” means a mutual fund scheme that invests primarily (minimum 90% of scheme assets) in the debt securities or securitized debt instrument of infrastructure companies or infrastructure capital companies or infrastructure projects or special purpose vehicles which are created for the purpose of facilitating or promoting investment in infrastructure, and other permissible assets in accordance with these regulations or bank loans in respect of completed and revenue generating projects of infrastructure companies or projects or special purpose vehicles.

REGULATION 2(1)(aa) OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT FUNDS) REGULATIONS, 2012

Definitions.

2. (1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms defined herein shall bear the meanings assigned to them below, and their cognate expressions and variations shall be construed accordingly,—

(aa)

“venture capital undertaking” means a domestic company:

(i)		which is not listed on a recognised stock exchange in India at the time of making investment; and
(ii)		which is engaged in the business for providing services, production or manufacture of article or things and does not include following activities or sectors:

(1)		non-banking financial companies;
(2)		gold financing;
(3)		activities not permitted under industrial policy of Government of India;
(4)		any other activity which may be specified by the Board in consultation with Government of India from time to time;

REGULATION 2(1)(r), 2(1)(s) AND 2(1)(u) OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (PUBLIC OFFER AND LISTING OF SECURITISED DEBT INSTRUMENTS) REGULATIONS, 2008

Definitions.

2. (1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires:—

(r)		“securitization” means acquisition of debt or receivables by any special purpose distinct entity from any originator or originators for the purpose of issuance of securitised debt instruments to investors based on such debt or receivables and such issuance;
(s)		“securitised debt instrument” means any certificate or instrument, by whatever name called, of the nature referred to in sub- clause (ie) of clause (h) of section 2 of the Act issued by a special purpose distinct entity;

(u)

“special purpose distinct entity” means a trust which acquires debt or receivables out of funds mobilized by it by issuance of securitised debt instruments through one or more schemes, and includes any trust set up by the National Housing Bank under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987 (53 of 1987) or by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development under the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981 (61 of 1981);

REGULATION 2(1)(zj) OF THE SEBI (REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS) REGULATIONS, 2014

Definitions.

2. (1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms defined herein shall bear the meanings assigned to them below, and their cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly,—

(zj)

“real estate assets” means properties owned by REIT whether directly or through a special purpose vehicle;

SECTION 2 OF SECURITIES CONTRACTS (REGULATION) ACT, 1956

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)		“contract” means a contract for or relating to the purchase or sale of securities;
(aa)		“corporatisation” means the succession of a recognised stock exchange, being a body of individuals or a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), by another stock exchange, being a company incorporated for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities carried on by such individuals or society;
(ab)		“demutualisation” means the segregation of ownership and management from the trading rights of the members of a recognised stock exchange in accordance with a scheme approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India;
(ac)		“derivative” includes—

(A)		a security derived from a debt instrument, share, loan, whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or contract for differences or any other form of security;
(B)		a contract which derives its value from the prices, or index of prices, of underlying securities;
(C)		commodity derivatives; and
(D)		such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be derivatives;

(b)		“Government security” means a security created and issued, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, by the Central Government or a State Government for the purpose of raising a public loan and having one of the forms specified in clause (2) of section 2 of the Public Debt Act, 1944 (18 of 1944);
(bb)		“goods” mean every kind of movable property other than actionable claims, money and securities;
(bc)		“commodity derivative” means a contract —

(i)		for the delivery of such goods, as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette, and which is not a ready delivery contract; or
(ii)		for differences, which derives its value from prices or indices of prices of such underlying goods or activities, services, rights, interests and events, as may be notified by the Central Government, in consultation with the Board, but does not include securities as referred to in sub-clauses (A) and (B) of clause (ac);

(c)		“member” means a member of a recognised stock exchange;
(ca)		“non-transferable specific delivery contract” means a specific delivery contract, the rights or liabilities under which or under any delivery order, railway receipt, bill of lading, warehouse receipt or any other documents of title relating thereto are not transferable;
(d)		“option in securities” means a contract for the purchase or sale of a right to buy or sell, or a right to buy and sell, securities in future, and includes a teji, a mandi, a teji mandi, a galli, a put, a call or a put and call in securities;
(e)		“prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(ea)		“ready delivery contract” means a contract which provides for the delivery of goods and the payment of a price therefor, either immediately, or within such period not exceeding eleven days after the date of the contract and subject to such conditions as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in respect of any goods, the period under such contract not being capable of extension by the mutual consent of the parties thereto or otherwise:
		Provided that where any such contract is performed either wholly or in part :

(I)		by realisation of any sum of money being the difference between the contract rate and the settlement rate or clearing rate or the rate of any offsetting contract; or
(II)		by any other means whatsoever, and as a result of which the actual tendering of the goods covered by the contract or payment of the full price therefor is dispensed with, then such contract shall not be deemed to be a ready delivery contract;

(f)		“recognised stock exchange” means a stock exchange which is for the time being recognised by the Central Government under section 4;
(g)		“rules”, with reference to the rules relating in general to the constitution and management of a stock exchange, includes, in the case of a stock exchange which is an incorporated association, its memorandum and articles of association;
(ga)		“scheme” means a scheme for corporatisation or demutualisation of a recognised stock exchange which may provide for—

(i)		the issue of shares for a lawful consideration and provision of trading rights in lieu of membership cards of members of a recognised stock exchange;
(ii)		the restrictions on voting rights;
(iii)		the transfer of property, business, assets, rights, liabilities, recognitions, contracts of the recognised stock exchange, legal proceedings by, or against, the recognised stock exchange, whether in the name of the recognised stock exchange or any trustee or otherwise and any permission given to, or by, the recognised stock exchange;
(iv)		the transfer of employees of a recognised stock exchange to another recognised stock exchange;
(v)		any other matter required for the purpose of, or in connection with, the corporatisation or demutualisation, as the case may be, of the recognised stock exchange;

(gb)		“Securities Appellate Tribunal” means a Securities Appellate Tribunal established under sub-section (1) of section 15K of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);
(h)		“securities” include—

(i)		shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate;
(ia)		derivative;
(ib)		units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes;
(ic)		security receipt as defined in clause (zg) of section 2 of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002;
(id)		units or any other such instrument issued to the investors under any mutual fund scheme.
		Explanation.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that “securities” shall not include any unit linked insurance policy or scrips or any such instrument or unit, by whatever name called, which provides a combined benefit risk on the life of the persons and investment by such persons and issued by an insurer referred to in clause (9) of section 2 of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938);
(ie)		any certificate or instrument (by whatever name called), issued to an investor by any issuer being a special purpose distinct entity which possesses any debt or receivable, including mortgage debt, assigned to such entity, and acknowledging beneficial interest of such investor in such debt or receivable, including mortgage debt, as the case may be;
(ii)		Government securities;
(iia)		such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities; and
(iii)		rights or interest in securities;

(ha)		“specific delivery contract” means a commodity derivative which provides for the actual delivery of specific qualities or types of goods during a specified future period at a price fixed thereby or to be fixed in the manner thereby agreed and in which the names of both the buyer and the seller are mentioned;
(i)		“spot delivery contract” means a contract which provides for,—

(a)		actual delivery of securities and the payment of a price therefor either on the same day as the date of the contract or on the next day, the actual period taken for the despatch of the securities or the remittance of money therefor through the post being excluded from the computation of the period aforesaid if the parties to the contract do not reside in the same town or locality;
(b)		transfer of the securities by the depository from the account of a beneficial owner to the account of another beneficial owner when such securities are dealt with by a depository;

(j)

“stock exchange” means—

(a)		any body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, constituted before corporatisation and demutualisation under sections 4A and 4B, or
(b)		a body corporate incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) whether under a scheme of corporatisation and demutualisation or otherwise,

		for the purpose of assisting, regulating or controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities.
(k)		“transferable specific delivery contract” means a specific delivery contract which is not a non-transferable specific delivery contract and which is subject to such conditions relating to its transferability as the Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.

REGULATION 2(1)(o) OF SECURITIES CONTRACTS (REGULATION) (STOCK EXCHANGES AND CLEARING CORPORATIONS) REGULATIONS, 2012

Definitions.

(o)

“recognised clearing corporation” means a clearing corporation which is recognised by the Board under section 4 read with section 8A of the Act;

SECTION 3(1)(ga) OF SICK INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES (SPECIAL PROVISIONS) ACT, 1985*

Definitions.

3. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(ga)

“net worth” means the sum total of the paid-up capital and free reserves.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “free reserves” means all reserves credited out of the profits and share premium account but does not include reserves credited out of re-evaluation of assets, write back of depreciation provisions and amalgamation;

SECTION 17 OF SICK INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES (SPECIAL PROVISIONS) ACT, 1985*

Powers of Board to make suitable order on the completion of inquiry.

17. (1) If after making an inquiry under section 16, the Board is satisfied that a company has become a sick industrial company, the Board shall, after considering all the relevant facts and circumstances of the case, decide, as soon as may be by order in writing, whether it is practicable for the company to make its net worth exceed the accumulated losses within a reasonable time.

(2) If the Board decides under sub-section (1) that it is practicable for a sick industrial company to make its net worth exceed the accumulated losses within a reasonable time, the Board, shall, by order in writing and subject to such restrictions or conditions as may be specified in the order, give such time to the company as it may deem fit to make its net worth exceed the accumulated losses.

(3) If the Board decides under sub-section (1) that it is not practicable for a sick industrial company to make its net worth exceed the accumulated losses within a reasonable time and that it is necessary or expedient in the public interest to adopt all or any of the measures specified in section 18 in relation to the said company it may, as soon as may be, by order in writing, direct any operating agency specified in the order to prepare, having regard to such guidelines as may be specified in the order, a scheme providing for such measures in relation to such company.

(4) The Board may,—

(a)		if any of the restrictions or conditions specified in an order made under sub-section (2) are not complied with by the company concerned, or if the company fails to revive in pursuance of the said order, review such order on a reference in that behalf from any agency referred to in sub-section (2) of section 15 or on its own motion and pass a fresh order in respect of such company under sub-section (3);
(b)		if the operating agency specified in an order made under sub-section (3) makes a submission in that behalf, review such order and modify the order in such manner as it may deem appropriate.

SECTION 18 OF SICK INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES (SPECIAL PROVISIONS) ACT, 1985*

Preparation and sanction of schemes.

18. (1) Where an order is made under sub-section (3) of section 17 in relation to any sick industrial company, the operating agency specified in the order shall prepare, as expeditiously as possible and ordinarily within a period of ninety days from the date of such order, a scheme with respect to such company providing for any one or more of the following measures, namely :—

(a)		the financial reconstruction of the sick industrial company;
(b)		the proper management of the sick industrial company by change in, or take over of, the management of the sick industrial company;
(c)		the amalgamation of—

(i)		the sick industrial company with any other company, or
(ii)		any other company with the sick industrial company;

		(hereafter in this section, in the case of sub-clause (i), the other company, and in the case of sub-clause (ii), the sick industrial company, referred to as “transferee company”);
(d)		the sale or lease of a part or whole of any industrial undertaking of the sick industrial company;
(da)		the rationalisation of managerial personnel, supervisory staff and workmen in accordance with law;
(e)		such other preventive, ameliorative and remedial measures as may be appropriate;
(f)		such incidental, consequential or supplemental measures as may be necessary or expedient in connection with or for the purposes of the measures specified in clauses (a) to (e).

(2) The scheme referred to in sub-section (1) may provide for any one or more of the following, namely :—

(a)		the constitution, name and registered office, the capital, assets, powers, rights, interests, authorities and privileges, duties and obligations of the sick industrial company or, as the case may be, of the transferee company;
(b)		the transfer to the transferee company of the business, properties, assets and liabilities of the sick industrial company on such terms and conditions as may be specified in the scheme;
(c)		any change in the Board of Directors, or the appointment of a new Board of Directors, of the sick industrial company and the authority by whom, the manner in which and the other terms and conditions on which, such change or appointment shall be made and in the case of appointment of a new Board of Directors or of any director, the period for which such appointment shall be made;
(d)		the alteration of the memorandum or articles of association of the sick industrial company or, as the case may be, of the transferee company for the purpose of altering the capital structure thereof or for such other purposes as may be necessary to give effect to the reconstruction or amalgamation;
(e)		the continuation by, or against, the sick industrial company or, as the case may be, the transferee company of any action or other legal proceeding pending against the sick industrial company immediately before the date of the order made under sub-section (3) ofsection 17;
(f)		the reduction of the interest or rights which the shareholders have in the sick industrial company to such extent as the Board considers necessary in the interests of the reconstruction, revival or rehabilitation of the sick industrial company or for the maintenance of the business of the sick industrial company;
(g)		the allotment to the shareholders of the sick industrial company of shares in the sick industrial company or, as the case may be, in the transferee company and where any shareholder claims payment in cash and not allotment of shares, or where it is not possible to allot shares to any shareholder, the payment of cash to those shareholders in full satisfaction of their claims—

(i)		in respect of their interest in shares in the sick industrial company before its reconstruction or amalgamation; or
(ii)		where such interest has been reduced under clause (f) in respect of their interest in shares as so reduced;

(h)		any other terms and conditions for the reconstruction or amalgamation of the sick industrial company;
(i)		sale of the industrial undertaking of the sick industrial company free from all encumbrances and all liabilities of the company or other such encumbrances and liabilities as may be specified, to any person, including a co-operative society formed by the employees of such undertaking and fixing of reserve price for such sale;
(j)		lease of the industrial undertaking of the sick industrial company to any person, including a co-operative society formed by the employees of such undertaking;
(k)		method of sale of the assets of the industrial undertaking of the sick industrial company such as by public auction or by inviting tenders or in any other manner as may be specified and for the manner of publicity therefor;
(l)		transfer or issue of the shares in the sick industrial company at the face value or at the intrinsic value which may be at discount value or such other value as may be specified to any industrial company or any person including the executives and employees of the sick industrial company;
(m)		such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as may be necessary to secure that the reconstruction or amalgamation or other measures mentioned in the scheme are fully and effectively carried out.

(3) (a) The scheme prepared by the operating agency shall be examined by the Board and a copy of the scheme with modification, if any, made by the Board shall be sent, in draft, to the sick industrial company and the operating agency and in the case of amalgamation, also to any other company concerned, and the Board shall publish or cause to be published the draft scheme in brief in such daily newspapers as the Board may consider necessary, for suggestions and objections, if any, within such period as the Board may specify.

(b) The Board may make such modifications, if any, in the draft scheme as it may consider necessary in the light of the suggestions and objections received from the sick industrial company and the operating agency and also from the transferee company and any other company concerned in the amalgamation and from any shareholder or any creditors or employees of such companies :

Provided that where the scheme relates to amalgamation, the said scheme shall be laid before the company other than the sick industrial company in the general meeting for the approval of the scheme by its shareholders and no such scheme shall be proceeded with unless it has been approved, with or without modification, by a special resolution passed by the shareholders of the transferee company.

(4) The scheme shall thereafter be sanctioned, as soon as may be, by the board (hereinafter referred to as the “sanctioned scheme”) and shall come into force on such date as the Board may specify in this behalf :

Provided that different dates may be specified for different provisions of the scheme.

(5) The Board may on the recommendations of the operating agency or otherwise, review any sanctioned scheme and make such modifications as it may deem fit or may by order in writing direct any operating agency specified in the order, having regard to such guidelines as may be specified in the order, to prepare a fresh scheme providing for such measures as the operating agency may consider necessary.

(6) When a fresh scheme is prepared under sub-section (5), the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) shall apply in relation thereto as they apply to in relation to a scheme prepared under sub-section (1).

(6A) Where a sanctioned scheme provides for the transfer of any property or liability of the sick industrial company in favour of any other company or person or where such scheme provides for the transfer of any property or liability of any other company or person in favour of the sick industrial company, then, by virtue of, and to the extent provided in, the scheme, on and from the date of coming into operation of the sanctioned scheme or any provision thereof, the property shall be transferred to, and vest in, and the liability shall become the liability of, such other company or person or, as the case may be, the sick industrial company.

(7) The sanction accorded by the Board under sub-section (4) shall be conclusive evidence that all the requirements of this scheme relating to the reconstruction or amalgamation, or any other measure specified therein have been complied with and a copy of the sanctioned scheme certified in writing by an officer of the Board to be a true copy thereof, shall, in all legal proceedings (whether in appeal or otherwise) be admitted as evidence.

(8) On and from the date of the coming into operation of the sanctioned scheme or any provision thereof, the scheme or such provision shall be binding on the sick industrial company and the transferee company or, as the case may be, the other company and also on the shareholders, creditors and guarantors and employees of the said companies.

(9) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of the sanctioned scheme, the Board may, on the recommendation of the operating agency or otherwise, by order do anything, not inconsistent with such provisions, which appears to it to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of removing the difficulty.

(10) The Board may, if it deems necessary or expedient so to do, by order in writing, direct any operating agency specified in the order to implement a sanctioned scheme with such terms and conditions and in relation to such sick industrial company as may be specified in the order.

(11) Where the whole of the undertaking of the sick industrial company is sold under a sanctioned scheme, the Board may distribute the sale proceeds to the parties entitled thereto in accordance with the provisions of section 529A and other provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956).

(12) The Board may monitor periodically the implementation of the sanctioned scheme.

SECTION 2 OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES ACT, 2005

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(g)

“Developer” means a person who, or a State Government which, has been granted by the Central Government a letter of approval under sub-section (10) of section 3 and includes an authority and a Co-Developer;

(j)

“entrepreneur” means a person who has been granted a letter of approval by the Development Commissioner under sub-section (9) of section 15;

(q)		“International Financial Services Centre” means an International Financial Services Centre which has been approved by the Central Government under sub-section (1) of section 18;
(r)		“manufacture” means to make, produce, fabricate, assemble, process or bring into existence, by hand or by machine, a new product having a distinctive name, character or use and shall include processes such as refrigeration, cutting, polishing, blending, repair, remaking, re-engineering and includes agriculture, aquaculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, horticulture, pisciculture, poultry, sericulture, viticulture and mining;

(u)

“Offshore Banking Unit” means a branch of a bank located in a Special Economic Zone and which has obtained the permission under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 23 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);

(za)

“Special Economic Zone” means each Special Economic Zone notified under the proviso to sub-section (4) of section 3 and sub-section (1) of section 4 (including Free Trade and Warehousing Zone) and includes an existing Special Economic Zone;

(zc)

“Unit” means a Unit set up by an entrepreneur in a Special Economic Zone and includes an existing Unit, an Offshore Banking Unit and a Unit in an International Financial Services Centre whether established before or established after the commencement of this Act;

CHAPTER IV OF SUPREME COURT JUDGES (SALARIES & CONDITIONS OF SERVICE) ACT, 1958

Travelling allowance to a Judge.

22. A Judge shall receive such reasonable allowance to reimburse him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within the territory of India and shall be afforded such reasonable facilities in connection with travelling as may, from time to time, be prescribed.

Facilities for rent-free houses and other conditions of service.

23. (1) Every Judge shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of an official residence in accordance with such rules as may, from time to time, be made in this behalf.

(1A) Where a Judge does not avail himself of the use of an official residence, he may be paid every month an allowance equivalent to an amount of thirty per cent of the salary.

(2) Every Judge and the members of his family shall be entitled to such facilities for medical treatment and for accommodation in hospitals as may, from time to time, be prescribed.

(3) The conditions of service of a Judge for which no express provision has been made in this Act shall be as such as may be determined by rules made under this Act.

(4) Sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall be deemed to have come into force on the 26th day of January, 1950 and sub-section (1A) shall be deemed to have come into force on the 9th day of May, 1986 and any rule made under any of the said sub-sections may be made so as to be retrospective to any date not earlier than the commencement of the respective sub-section.

Conveyance facilities.

23A. Every Judge shall be entitled to a staff car and two hundred litres of fuel every month or the actual consumption of fuel per month, whichever is less.

Sumptuary allowance.

23B. The Chief Justice and each of the other Judges shall be entitled to a sumptuary allowance of twenty thousand rupees per month and fifteen thousand rupees per month respectively.

Medical facilities for retired Judges.

23C. Every retired Judge shall, with effect from the date on which the Supreme Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, 1976 (36 of 1976), receives the assent of the President, be entitled, for himself and his family, to the same facilities as respects medical treatment and on the same conditions as retired officer of the Central Civil Services, Class I and his family, are entitled under any rules and orders of the Central Government for the time being in force.

Exemption from liability to pay income-tax on certain perquisites received by a Judge.

23D. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961),—

(a)		the value of rent-free official residence provided to a Judge under sub-section (1) of section 23 or the allowance paid to him under sub-section (1A) of that section;
(b)		the value of the conveyance facilities provided to a Judge under section 23A;
(c)		the sumptuary allowance provided to a Judge under section 23B;
(d)		the value of leave travel concession provided to a Judge and members of his family,

shall not be included in the computation of his income chargeable under the head “Salaries” under section 15 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

SECTION 2(e) OF TRADE UNIONS ACT, 1926

Definitions.

2. **

(e)

“registered Trade Union” means a Trade Union registered under this Act;

SECTION 53A OF TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882

Part performance.

53A. Where any person contracts to transfer for consideration any immovable property by writing signed by him or on his behalf from which the terms necessary to constitute the transfer can be ascertained with reasonable certainty,

and the transferee has, in part performance of the contract, taken possession of the property or any part thereof, or the transferee, being already in possession, continues in possession in part performance of the contract and has done some act in furtherance of the contract,

and the transferee has performed or is willing to perform his part of the contract,

then notwithstanding that where there is an instrument of transfer, that the transfer has not been completed in the manner prescribed therefor by the law for the time being in force, the transferor or any person claiming under him shall be debarred from enforcing against the transferee and persons claiming under him any right in respect of the property of which the transferee has taken or continued in possession, other than a right expressly provided by the terms of the contract :

Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of a transferee for consideration who has no notice of the contract or of the part performance thereof.

SECTION 2(a) AND (h) OF UNIT TRUST OF INDIA (TRANSFER OF UNDERTAKING AND REPEAL) ACT, 2002

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a)

“Administrator” means a person or a body of persons appointed as Administrator under section 7;

(h)

“Specified company” means a company to be formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and whose entire capital is subscribed by such financial institutions or banks as may be specified by the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, for the purpose of transfer and vesting of the undertaking;

SECTION 2 OF WEALTH-TAX ACT, 1957

Definitions.

2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(oaa)

“registered valuer” means a person registered as a valuer under section 34AB;

VALIDATION PROVISION : SECTION 119 OF FINANCE ACT, 2012

Validation of demands, etc., under Income-tax Act, 1961 in certain cases.

119. Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, decree or order of any Court or Tribunal or any authority, all notices sent or purporting to have been sent, or taxes levied, demanded, assessed, imposed, collected or recovered or purporting to have been levied, demanded, assessed, imposed, collected or recovered under the provisions of Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), in respect of income accruing or arising through or from the transfer of a capital asset situate in India in consequence of the transfer of a share or shares of a company registered or incorporated outside India or in consequence of an agreement, or otherwise, outside India, shall be deemed to have been validly made, and the notice, levy, demand, assessment, imposition, collection or recovery of tax shall be valid and shall be deemed always to have been valid and shall not be called in question on the ground that the tax was not chargeable or any ground including that it is a tax on capital gains arising out of transactions which have taken place outside India, and accordingly, any tax levied, demanded, assessed, imposed or deposited before the commencement of this Act and chargeable for a period prior to such commencement but not collected or recovered before such commencement, may be collected or recovered and appropriated in accordance with the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 as amended by this Act, and the rules made thereunder and there shall be no liability or obligation to make any re